image/svg+xml91XII/1/2021INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICANATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGYhomepage: http://www.iansa.euA look at the regionVIAS – the Vienna Institute for Archaeological ScienceIrmgard Hein*1,2, Birgit Bühler1, Maria Ivanova-Bieg1, Günther-Karl Kunst1, Mathias Mehofer1, Gabriele Scharrer-Liska1, Wolfgang Lobisser1, Wolfgang Neubauer1,3, Immo Trinks1,31VIAS, Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science, Franz-Klein-G. 1, A-1190 Vienna. Austria2Institute for Egyptology, University Vienna, Franz-Klein-G. 1, A-1190 Vienna. Austria3Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology. Hohe Warte 38, A-1190 Vienna, Austria1. Development of the instituteThe Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science (VIAS) was founded in 1992, when the University of Vienna took the initiative for the frst time in Austria to establish an „Interdisciplinary Institution for Archaeology” within the Faculty of Humanities. The intention of the founders was to create a future-oriented, transdisciplinary institution for science-focused, archaeological research subjects. New methods that have become available by technological advancements – in the analytical feld as well as in the exploration and study of landscapes – were to be applied in archaeological research, and above all, developed further.In 1998, the institution initially named IDEA was rebranded as VIAS, which in 2000 became an interdisciplinary research institute, and subsequently from 2006–2013 functioned as an interdisciplinary research platform. Since then, VIAS has been established at the Faculty of Historical and Cultural Studies.The management of VIAS was initially headed by the classical archaeologist Fritz Krinzinger, then in 1999, the medieval archaeologist Falko Daim took over the leadership until 2004 and pushed forward many new research impulses. From 2004 to 2011, the Egyptian archaeologist Manfred Bietak was in charge, followed by the prehistorians Michael Doneus until 2013, and then Tim Taylor. Since October 2020, geophysicist Immo Trinks is heading VIAS with Irmgard Hein and Wolfgang Neubauer as deputies.Already the frst phase of the institute was characterised by a combination of bioarchaeological and technically-oriented, research directions. The establishment of research projects from other interdisciplinary felds has led to the afliation of further Volume XII ● Issue 1/2021 ● Pages 91–103*Corresponding author. E-mail: irmgard.hein@univie.ac.atARTICLE INFOArticle history:Received: 20thDecember 2020Accepted: 28thJanuary 2021DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2021.1.6Key words:archaeozoologybioarchaeologyarchaeometry and archaeometallurgyanalysis of precious metalsceramologygeophysical archaeological prospection on land and underwatergeoarchaeologydigital archaeological documentation methodsexperimental archaeologyABSTRACTThe Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science (VIAS) was founded within the University of Vienna in 1992 as a forward-looking transdisciplinary institution. VIAS aims to develop and integrate methods from the natural sciences in a dynamic relationship with the culture-oriented investigative frameworks of archaeology, and to provide support, knowledge and partnership in multidisciplinary research programmes and projects.VIAS functions as a core facility and it is conducting research in the felds of archaeobotany, archaeozoology, bioarchaeology, archaeometry and archaeometallurgy, analysis of precious metals, ceramology, geophysical archaeological prospection on land and underwater, geoarchaeology, digital archaeological documentation methods, and experimental archaeology.VIAS reaches out beyond the university by developing and collaborating in projects together with the Austrian Academy of Sciences and regional museums and cultural heritage administrations as well as many international partners. VIAS has substantially contributed to the development of efcient high-resolution prospection methods as a founding partner in the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology.
image/svg+xmlIANSA 2021 ● XII/1 ● 91–103Irmgard Hein, Birgit Bühler, Maria Ivanova-Bieg, Günther-Karl Kunst, Mathias Mehofer, Gabriele Scharrer-Liska, Wolfgang Lobisser, Wolfgang Neubauer, Immo Trinks: VIAS – the Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science92disciplines to VIAS. Currently, VIAS’ felds of research cover archaeobotany, archaeozoology, bioarchaeology, archaeometry and archaeometallurgy, analysis of precious metals, ceramology, digital archaeological documentation methods, geophysical archaeological prospection on land and underwater, geoarchaeology, and experimental archaeology.This wide-ranging combination of natural science-oriented subjects together with technically-oriented disciplines in association with a research institute for archaeology forms a dynamic basis for answering a wide range of archaeological questions. In the course of its research projects, various current issues and developments in archaeology form focal points, often in cooperation with regional museums and local authorities, which fnd solutions in the feld of cultural heritage management. The broad reach of VIAS is refected in its cooperation with numerous national and international research institutions, such as the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and museums.VIAS is an important founding partner of the international Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology (LBI ArchPro). In addition to large-scale motorised magnetometer measurements, high-resolution ground-penetrating radar surveys, 3-D laser scanning (terrestrial and airborne) and state-of-the-art image-based 3-D documentation of archaeological sites, the LBI ArchPro is developing a new approach to underwater archaeological prospection using high-resolution multibeam and sediment sonar measurements in close cooperation with VIAS.The following brief presentations of the individual departments provide an overview of the research potential of this core facility at the University of Vienna.2. Archaeozoology by Günther Karl KunstAs involvement in archaeological projects with a demanding stratigraphy is a central task of VIAS, so is Archaeozoology. Here, the record of animal bones can contribute decisively to the interpretation of archaeological features. Of special interest in this regard are multi-period sites, which undergo diachronic changes in function, including buildings with a complicated architectural history. Careful collection and archiving of animal remains, close communication with the scholars involved in the analysis of pottery and small fnds, and a professional elaboration and documentation of the stratigraphy in an accessible database are necessary prerequisites for this type of research. A focus is placed on developed cultures of the Near East (Turkey, Egypt), on Roman provincial archaeology and on the Medieval (and early post-medieval) Archaeology of eastern Austria (Lower Austria, Burgenland). The archaeozoology branch of VIAS is currently involved in the following projects (partners): Nerik (Uşak University, FU Berlin), Orth an der Donau, Hornstein (Bundesdenkmalamt Wien), Burgstall Neudegg (VIAS internal), Carnuntum (Archäologischer Park Carnuntum). In particular in the research project focusing on the civilian city of Carnuntum, which also involves a recent PhD project (N.I. Kirchengast), a bottom-up (pattern-recognition) strategy is pursued: Which context types, and consequently, which types of animal bone assemblages do occur, where and why? This approach is meant as a step away from the naiveté of traditional, largely a-historic “bone counting and comparing” without any consideration of the respective archaeological setting. In this sense, at the ICAZ conference in Ankara 2018, together with the bioarchaeology group of the Austrian Academy of Figure 1. Using confocal microscopy for the analysis of surface marks on a Roman period cattle bone from Wels (Upper Austria). Photo by G. K. Kunst.
image/svg+xmlIANSA 2021 ● XII/1 ● 91–103Irmgard Hein, Birgit Bühler, Maria Ivanova-Bieg, Günther-Karl Kunst, Mathias Mehofer, Gabriele Scharrer-Liska, Wolfgang Lobisser, Wolfgang Neubauer, Immo Trinks: VIAS – the Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science93Sciences (A. Galik), a session on the “taphonomy of buildings” was organized, the papers of which have already been published.Another emphasis of VIAS’ archaeozoology comprises butchery studies. Recently, confocal microscopy housed at the Institute for Palaeontology (D. Nagel, University of Vienna) has been tested for the assessment of chop marks on the surfaces of Roman cattle bones. The frst results are promising. Further, the recently started project on the rich animal bone samples of the Late-La-Tène settlement of Traun (Upper Austria) will hopefully provide the long-awaited pre-Roman corner stone against which later developments in Roman butchery can be plotted. A planned session (together with K. Seetah and J. Turek) on the “Archaeology of Meat” at the WAC in Prague, scheduled for July 2020, had to be postponed to 2022 for obvious reasons.VIAS’ archaeozoology is also a partner in the following projects devoted to aDNA research: dispersion of the black rat in Europe, early history of the turkey in Europe, discrimination of horses and mules, and dispersion of the fallow deer.3. Bioarchaeology by Maria Ivanova-BiegOn-going research at the Bioarchaeology Department at VIAS concerns the processes that led to the foraging-to-farming transition and the growth of early agricultural societies in Europe. It is based on a combination of archaeological approaches to material culture and collaborations with the disciplines of archaeobotany, zooarchaeology, biogeography and biogeochemistry. My projects employ methods of organic residue analysis of pottery, stable isotope analysis of faunal and botanical remains, compound-specifc radiocarbon dating, and agent-based modelling.SUSTAIN. Sustainability of Agriculture In Neolithic Europe. Funded by an ERC Consolidator Grant. The aim of SUSTAIN is to elucidate how early agricultural societies in Europe maintained their capacity to self-generate and persist through time. The project weaves together various approaches from social anthropology, biogeography, bioarchaeology and complex science in a manner that has not been attempted previously. We will examine the relationship of domesticates’ past range expansions and climate using correlative species distribution models and will derive past agro-pastoral practices from isotope signals in plant and animal remains. Novel approaches of quantitative inference will allow us to estimate parameters of crop and livestock productivity and to directly compare agro-pastoral performance across time and space in Europe. Using this knowledge, we will employ spatially-explicit, agent-based simulation to explore the social parameters of growth and decline of the frst agricultural societies in Europe in previously unconsidered detail. The project will produce insights that challenge conventional wisdom about farming and environmental sustainability, particularly with regard to social connectedness, relations of sharing, and mobility, which will have value and impact beyond archaeology.Project partners are the Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre; the School of Chemistry, University of Bristol; the National Museum of Natural Sciences/CNRS, Paris; the Laboratory of Archaeobotany at the State Ofce of Cultural Heritage, Stuttgart; the Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL.4. Archaeometallurgy by Mathias MehoferThe Department of Archaeometallurgy of VIAS conducts intensive research in the feld of archaeometric analysis of archaeological objects. The goal is the description of Figure 2.ERC project SUSTAIN. Map of the project research area with the four case study regions.
image/svg+xmlIANSA 2021 ● XII/1 ● 91–103Irmgard Hein, Birgit Bühler, Maria Ivanova-Bieg, Günther-Karl Kunst, Mathias Mehofer, Gabriele Scharrer-Liska, Wolfgang Lobisser, Wolfgang Neubauer, Immo Trinks: VIAS – the Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science94a complete technology chain (raw material processing – fnished product – post-processing – reuse) as well as the documentation of the changes and infuences on archaeological artefacts caused by the surrounding soil. The description, classifcation and typology of archaeological objects provides the basis for the treatment and processing of fnds as well as for the reconstruction of prehistoric value and social systems. The metallurgical investigation and technological description of metal artefacts and the waste and by-products of their production (e.g.slag) allows for the description of the material processing as well as a determination of the quality of the raw materials used (alloy composition). By means of detailed archaeometallurgical analyses it is possible to gain insights into the technical structure of an object and its specifc material qualities. Thus individual workshop circles, production centres and technology transfer can be derived. Based on these typological investigations on used technology, further insights into craft and forging technology of a certain period can be gained. In combination with historical sources, the results of these analyses also ofer a deeper insight into prehistoric social systems. Another research focus in the feld of metallurgy is the non-destructive analysis of precious metal and non-ferrous metal objects using a Scanning Electron Microscope and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. Priority is given to research on manufacturing techniques of artefacts, and the analysis of their chemical composition (main, secondary and trace elements), as well as the provenance of the metal (lead isotope analyses). The documentation of technological features allows for a reconstruction and description of the manufacturing process of individual objects, as well as the formation of groups based on technological criteria. These groups can be compared and correlated with the results of archaeological analyses and thereby permit the reconstruction of the technological development in certain periods.Ongoing projects: •Archaeometallurgical and mining archaeological studies on Bronze Age metallurgy in the Western Balkans (FWF project P 32095).•War and peace between Mycenaean Greece and Bronze Age Italy. •The Treasure of Vălčitrăn: Production Technique and Toreutics.5. Technology of gold-, silver- and copper-alloy metalwork (Feinschmiedetechnik) byBirgit BühlerSince the year 2000, the “Feinschmiedetechnik”section of VIAS has been involved in the study of some of the most important fnds of archaeological metalwork on present-day Austrian territory and in several prestigious research projects initiated by Austrian institutions. Hence, there exist long-term co-operations between this department of VIAS and numerous Austrian institutions focusing on cultural heritage and research, such as the Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien (KHM), Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (NHM), and Bundesdenkmalamt Wien (BDA). Furthermore, technological research on gold-, silver- and copper-alloy metalwork at VIAS covers a wide range of archaeological periods, from the Bronze Age to the Late Medieval Period. Expertise on ancient and medieval metalworking techniques has been provided both for and in co-operation with a number of European institutions. Technological research on archaeological metalwork is not only crucial for any modern interpretation of archaeological fnds – it is also a matter of cultural heritage, ensuring the survival of ancient metalworking techniques. In this context, the co-operation with David Schwarcz (ÖAI), who is a fully-trained goldsmith as well as an archaeologist, is extremely valuable.Figure 3.The VIAS Scanning Electron Microscope. Photo by M. Mehofer.
image/svg+xmlIANSA 2021 ● XII/1 ● 91–103Irmgard Hein, Birgit Bühler, Maria Ivanova-Bieg, Günther-Karl Kunst, Mathias Mehofer, Gabriele Scharrer-Liska, Wolfgang Lobisser, Wolfgang Neubauer, Immo Trinks: VIAS – the Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science95Birgit Bühler is an archaeologist and archaeometallurgist, specialising in early medieval archaeology, as well as in ancient goldsmithing techniques. Recent research focuses on cultural contacts between the Byzantine Empire and its “fringe cultures” (especially the Avar Empire), as well as on mechanisms of “technological transfer” (Bühler, 2014; Bühler and Freiberger, 2018; Bühler, 2020; Fecht and Bühler, 2020). In 2021–22, work on this research topic will be continued through participation in the FWF-Project “Does material matter? Similarities and diferences in metal jewellery of the Early and Middle Byzantine Realm”directed by Andrea Pülz, ÖAI.Avar archaeology/BioarchaeologyBirgit Bühler is also planning to carry out interdisciplinary research relating to Avar archaeology. This will include a bioarchaeological study, conducted in cooperation with the Department of Evolutionary Anthropology at the University of Vienna, focusing on habitual activity patterns within the Avar population of Eastern Austria, in particular on the “horse riding syndrome”.6. Ceramic investigation by Irmgard HeinThe analysis of ceramics occupies a globally important place within archaeological research. Ceramics is the oldest material synthetically produced by human hand, which achieves a wide range of designs through its malleability (plasticity). Apart from the quantitatively overwhelming share of vessel ceramics, small objects (fgures, fgurines, amulets, pearls, etc.), up to masks or articles of daily use, such as furniture, foor coverings or wall tiles have been made of ceramics.Within the framework of conventional archaeological studies on various goods and forms, as well as their contextual studies, the research interest over the past few years has been mainly the occurrence of Cypriot and other imported ceramics in Egypt (Hein 2018; 2019; 2020a).In order to trace the origin of specifc pottery wares, we have already demonstrated successfully the application of multiple geological and chemical analytical methods in the feld of pottery analyses (Tschegg et al., 2008). The combination of various methods in the laboratory shows excellent results (Tschegg et al., 2009a; 2009b). Research into analytical techniques for ceramics also motivated us to organise the 11thEuropean Meeting of Ancient Ceramics in Vienna in 2011 (Hein et al., 2013).Diverse analytical processes, which usually are destructive to the investigated sample and often depend on available laboratory conditions, cannot always be applied. With the recent acquisition of a pXRF device (Bruker TRACER G5) we now have the possibility to capture objects from museums (not only ceramics) or in countries where sample export is not possible. For the efcient use of the instrument, the development of a reference series/standard is currently in preparation to ensure a stable comparison of the measurement data obtained.Due to often regionally-caused problems of access to the fnd material, or due to the difculties of taking non-destructive samples for laboratory examinations, methods of digital image analysis have also been considered. The processing of digital images and the recognition of material has been developed in cooperation with colleagues from Mexico, P. Lopez and J. Lira (INAH and UNAM). The aim is to create standard patterns of ceramics (or other materials) from various regions, so that origins and technological transformations caused by fring and postdepostional Figure 4.Scanning electron microscope detail: Pelten-shaped hallmark on medallion jug no. 2 (after Hampel) from the Gold treasure from Nagyszentmiklós (today: Sânnicolau Mare, Romania), Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna, Collection of Classical Antiquities, Inv. no. VII B 33. Photo: VIAS, M. Mehofer.0 400 μm
image/svg+xmlIANSA 2021 ● XII/1 ● 91–103Irmgard Hein, Birgit Bühler, Maria Ivanova-Bieg, Günther-Karl Kunst, Mathias Mehofer, Gabriele Scharrer-Liska, Wolfgang Lobisser, Wolfgang Neubauer, Immo Trinks: VIAS – the Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science96various flters in order to analyse the textures of Cypriot and Egyptian ceramics (Hein et al., 2018).The focus for future research within VIAS will be broadened by the use of pXRF. The possibility to quickly obtain analytical data in the feld is a considerable advancement that will be expanded in future research projects.7. Digital archaeological documentation methods by Irmgard HeinIn the development of standardised processes for the digital documentation of excavations, the focus, on the one hand, is on the development of new methodology for data acquisition in the feld, subsequent data processing, visualisation and analysis, and, on the other hand, is also on the digitisation of old analogue excavation documentations and appropriate modern data visualisations. VIAS cooperates in this feld with the LBI ArchPro.A current project within VIAS, fnanced by the Anniversary Fund of the Austrian National Bank (AP 17916), deals with the post-processing of a section of the Austrian excavations in the north-eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. Traditional archaeological documentation material from an area of Tell el Dab’a from Figure 5.Image division of a ceramic thin section into panels for further analysis with a Gabor flter. Photo by I. Hein.conditions can be traced by standardised, non-subjective procedures. The method utilizes digitized images of petrographic thin sections that are analysed in several steps using various programs for the recognition of ancient ceramics. The goal is to create statistical moments out of quantifed particles via segmentation and granulometry. A series of test samples from Cyprus and Mexico, which are analytically investigated by other methods, has shown promising results (Lopez et al., 2015). Another study used Figure 6.Field recording of two ovens from ‘Ezbet Helmi, H/I-j/26 from 1990. Photo Tell el-Dab’a archive, ©ÖAI.Figure 7.3D-visualisation of the two oven features from ‘Ezbet Helmi, H/I-j/26. Image Sandra Müller, ©Project Anniversary Fund AP 17916.
image/svg+xmlIANSA 2021 ● XII/1 ● 91–103Irmgard Hein, Birgit Bühler, Maria Ivanova-Bieg, Günther-Karl Kunst, Mathias Mehofer, Gabriele Scharrer-Liska, Wolfgang Lobisser, Wolfgang Neubauer, Immo Trinks: VIAS – the Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science97the site of ‘Ezbet Helmi is being digitalised. The basic documentation material comes from the excavations conducted in the years 1989–1995 by the Austrian Archaeological Institute Cairo under then excavation director Manfred Bietak. The site of Tell el-Dab’a is known as the urban area of the former capital of the Hyksos period Auaris.The focus of the project is on the so-called small palace platform F from the early New Kingdom and the surrounding settlement remains. Due to the discovery of fragments of Minoan wall paintings, the excavation had attracted a great deal of attention during the feldwork at the time, and various studies on the frescoes and individual fnd complexes have been published, but no overall analysis of the areas and features has been carried out to date. The project under the direction of Irmgard Hein, in cooperation with Sandra Müller (Hein and Müller, 2020b), is primarily dedicated to the clarifcation of the stratigraphy, the architectural remains, and the comprehensive inclusion of the fnd material by creating a GIS database (ESRI ArcMap) whose entries will be converted into 2.5-dimensional individual models of the features using ArcScene (cf.Kucera et al., 2020). Furthermore, the data will be used for the stratigraphic evaluation within a Harris matrix, as well as for the 3D-visualisation of the palace area.A further project dedicated to the post-processing of old excavation inventories is the recording of the magazine inventories from Karnak North (Egypt), from the treasury of Thutmosis I, which is being carried out in cooperation with the Institut français d’archéologie orientale in Cairo (project 17223, Karnak Nord: les archives, Hein, 2019b). This treasure house was excavated in the years 1970–1978 and the remains have been largely published by the excavators Jean Jacquet and Helen Jacquet-Gordon. Within the framework of this project, which came about at the instigation of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities, those objects still in storage on site have been recorded since 2013 by digital photography and in digital lists for inclusion in a database. The fnds include mainly ceramic vessels and diagnostic sherds, as well as relief fragments, other small fnds and a few statue fragments. To date, about 28,000 photos are available for integration into an image database (Hein, 2020b). In addition, previously unpublished pieces, such as most of the non-ceramic fnds, are documented by descriptions and occasionally drawings with the aim of publishing them.Ongoing projects: •Digital analysis and visualization of the 18thDynasty delta residence at Tell el-Dab’a, Egypt. [online]. https://vias.univie.ac.at/projekte/aktuell/tell-el-daba/.•Les dépôts et archives de Karnak-Nord. Étude de mobilier archéologique et des fragments de relief. [online]. Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire. https://www.ifao.egnet.net/recherche/archeologie/karnak-nord.8. Building archaeology by Gabriele Scharrer-LiskaWithin VIAS, building research with an archaeological focus is pursued as part of basic research. Archaeological (or historical) architectural research has a long tradition. It overlaps with many other historical/archaeological disciplines and can be considered as a sub-discipline of archaeology. Building research explores historical buildings with an archaeological-historical approach.Figure 8.Torrenova, West wall of the Conventazzo (Byzantine Monastery). Photo by G. Scharrer-Liska.
image/svg+xmlIANSA 2021 ● XII/1 ● 91–103Irmgard Hein, Birgit Bühler, Maria Ivanova-Bieg, Günther-Karl Kunst, Mathias Mehofer, Gabriele Scharrer-Liska, Wolfgang Lobisser, Wolfgang Neubauer, Immo Trinks: VIAS – the Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science98Building research employs predominantly non-destructive methods. This includes above all the documentation of buildings (construction survey) with the help of suitable methods. In addition to the written documentation, one of the most important aspects is the production of an oversize, which can be realised in the form of a classical hand measurement, a computer-aided hand measurement, or photogrammetry.The aim of archaeological building research is to reconstruct building sequences and thus the history of a building as well as its function(s). As in the case of any archaeological-historical discipline, the goal of building research is to develop images of landscape-archaeological, economic-historical and social-historical topics in a continuous interdisciplinary discussion.One of the recent projects within VIAS was the analysis and interpretation of the so-called Conventazzo, located on the north coast of Sicily (Italy). The building which probably has its roots in Late Antiquity is the only remains still above ground of the complex of the Norman monastery of San Pietro di Deca. Analysis and interpretation of the Conventazzo has been derived from the orthophotos and line drawings, but mostly, however, through careful observation and description of the object onsite. Similar to an archaeological excavation, the stratigraphy of the building has been described, involving the succession of the former construction activity, and has thus led to six main construction stages. The Conventazzo belongs to the type of the central building. Outside it has the shape of an octagon, inside – unbalanced to the exterior – the shape of a rotunda with niches. Generally, it can be noted that the type of the central building in Italy is based on (Late) Antiquity. In the 4thto 5thcenturies this building type is characteristically for baptisteries and memorial chapels.9. Geophysical archaeological prospection on land and underwater by Immo Trinks and Wolfgang NeubauerVIAS comprises specialists for geophysical archaeological prospection and digital archaeological documentation methods, focussing on research and development into, and application of, magnetometry, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements, terrestrial laser scanning, GIS-based integrated data interpretation, as well as virtual reality simulations and methods for archaeological stratigraphy documentation. VIAS possesses great expertise and a long history in the setup and application of highly-sensitive Figure 9. Magnetics: Motorised 10-channel magnetometer system used by the LBI ArchPro with support from VIAS during for large-area magnetic survey within the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project. Photo by G. Verhoeven, ©LBI Arch Pro.Figure 10.GPR: A motorised 6-channel ground-penetrating radar system used in search of Etruscan remains at Bisenzio next to Lake Bolsena, Italy. Photo by G. Verhoeven, ©LBI Arch Pro.
image/svg+xmlIANSA 2021 ● XII/1 ● 91–103Irmgard Hein, Birgit Bühler, Maria Ivanova-Bieg, Günther-Karl Kunst, Mathias Mehofer, Gabriele Scharrer-Liska, Wolfgang Lobisser, Wolfgang Neubauer, Immo Trinks: VIAS – the Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science99Cesium magnetometer array systems and has pioneered detailed archaeological GPR surveys and the custom development of highly-specialised, data-processing solutions in close cooperation with experts from the Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG). In 2010, VIAS became an important founding partner of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology (LBI ArchPro). Over the past decade, VIAS has signifcantly contributed to the research and development conducted by the LBI ArchPro, which resulted in substantial advancements regarding prospection efciency and spatial sampling resolution regarding near-surface geophysical prospection surveys. Using motorised Fluxgate gradiometer systems and multichannel GPR antenna arrays, an enormous increase in coverage has been achieved, amounting in total to 44 km2of very high-resolution magnetic prospection data and over 20 km2of ultra-high-resolution GPR data being collected. Archaeological Prospection Case studies have revealed extraordinary archaeological discoveries in the framework of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project, the ArchPro Carnuntum Project (e.g.discovery of a school of gladiators), the discovery of the remains of two buried Viking ships in Norway, and monumental hall buildings at Borre National Park, amongst many others, resulting in the work of the LBI ArchPro featuring twice among the international annual top-10 archaeological discoveries. The successful terrestrial archaeological prospection approach has now been translated to extensive high-resolution underwater archaeological surveys involving a boat equipped with the latest multi-beam sonar and four-channel sediment sonar systems, specifcally suited for detailed surveys in shallow water. Together with the Institute for Prehistory and Historical Archaeology of the University of Vienna and ZAMG, an Initiative College for Archaeological Prospection (IC ArchPro) has been established, which accommodates 15 international PhD candidates. The archaeological prospection data and resources shared by VIAS in the scientifc partnership of the LBI ArchPro are outstanding and internationally unrivalled.10. Construction of prehistoric architectural models using methods of Experimental Archaeology by Wolfgang F.A. Lobisser“Archaeological parks will defne the understanding of history of our children much more than all our special scientifc writings together.”(W. Gauer)Since 2002, VIAS has spent time on planning, conceptualising and constructing archaeological open-air museums. The construction of houses and other buildings is conducted by using methods of Experimental Archaeology. To this purpose, it creates the possibility to gain new knowledge concerning prehistoric architecture, traditions and craft techniques. The term “archaeological open-air museum” defnes projects that show rebuilt reconstructions of prehistoric architectural models, which can be houses, technical constructions, or complexes of agricultural or economic structures, as gardens and felds. Archaeological open-air museums classify the understanding of history for the broad public. Therefore, the increased responsibility of people planning and building such structures is obvious. The project partners and clients of VIAS are mostly museums and rural communes who wish to create tourist installations by showing prehistoric living situations, and thus providing educational opportunities to the visitors.Over the past years, VIAS has conducted numerous archaeological experiments concerning prehistoric architecture, wood technology, the use of prehistoric tools, Figure 11.SONAR: The VIAS/LBI ArchPro sonar survey boat for high-resolution underwater archaeological prospection of Lake Mondsee in Upper Austria. Photo by I. Trinks, ©LBI Arch Pro.
image/svg+xmlIANSA 2021 ● XII/1 ● 91–103Irmgard Hein, Birgit Bühler, Maria Ivanova-Bieg, Günther-Karl Kunst, Mathias Mehofer, Gabriele Scharrer-Liska, Wolfgang Lobisser, Wolfgang Neubauer, Immo Trinks: VIAS – the Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science100ceramic production, textile techniques, bone- and antler-carving, as well as leather- and stone-working. Many of these experimental works could be conducted during contracted archaeological research while erecting open-air structures, or producing show pieces and archaeological remakes, for exhibitions and presentations. VIAS can be contacted for undertaking or helping with any kind of serious archaeological experiment or open-air project. The main concept of an archaeological experiment is comparable to an experiment in natural sciences. First, it is of great importance to formulate a well-defned research question before starting an experiment. The question can evolve from excavations, historical text or portrayals. Each experiment has a classical course, which starts with the study of the history of the research itself. During the preparations for the experiment, ethnological and ethno-archaeological knowledge is compared and combined. The results are compared with existing theories, and if they difer, the theories have to be adapted or even changed. It is obvious that every experiment gives rise to a whole bunch of consecutive experiments that together enlarge our knowledge and cultural and historical approaches. Human beings with their problems, abilities and solutions are always in the focus of Experimental Archaeology.VIAS BibliographyBALASSE, M., RENAULT-FABREGON, L., GANDOIS, H., FIORILLO, D., GORCZYK, J., BACVAROV, K., and IVANOVA, M., 2020. Neolithic sheep birth distribution: Results from Nova Nadezhda (sixth millennium BC, Bulgaria) and a reassessment of European data with a new modern reference set including upper and lower molars. Journal of Archaeological Science, 118, 105–139. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2020.105139.BALASSE, M., TRESSET, A., BALASESCU, A., BLAISE, E., TORNERO, C., GANDOIS, H., FIORILLO, D., NYERGES, E., FRÉMONDEAU, D., BANFFY, E. and IVANOVA, M.,2017. Sheep birth distribution in past herds: A review for prehistoric Europe (6thto 3rdmillennia BC). Animal, 11(12), 2229–2236. DOI: 10.1017/S1751731117001045.BÜHLER, B., 2014. Der „Schatz“ von Brestovac, Kroatien. Seine kulturellen Beziehungen und technologischen Aspekte.Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 85, Mainz: Schnell & Steiner.BÜHLER, B., 2020. Herstellungstechnische Studien zu byzantinischen Feinschmiedearbeiten aus Ephesos und Umgebung. In: A.M. Pülz, ed. Byzantinische Kleinfunde aus Ephesos.Forschungen in Ephesos XVIII/ 1, Wien, pp. 223–242. DOI: 10.1553/0x003b4926.BÜHLER, B. and FREIBERGER, V., 2018. Die Ergebnisse der goldschmiedetechnischen und chemischen Untersuchungen. In: F. Daim, K. Gschwantler, G. Plattner,·and P. Stadler, eds. Der Goldschatz von Sânnicolau Mare (ungarisch: Nagyszentmiklós). Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 142. Teil 1. Mainz: Schnell & Steiner, pp. 23–201.CRAMP, L., ETHIER, J. UREM-KOTSOU, D., BONSALL, C., BORIC, D., BORONEANT, A., EVERSHED, R., PERIC, S., ROFFET-SALQUE, R., WHELTON, H., and IVANOVA, M., 2019. Regional diversity in subsistence among early farmers in Southeast Europe revealed by archaeological pottery organic residues. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286, 20182347. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2347.CZICHON, R. M., KLINGER, J., HNILA, P., MIELKE, D.P., BEHRENDT, S., BÖHM, H., BREUER, M., FORSTER, C., GRIGGS, C., KLEIN, M., KOCH, M., KUNST, G.K., LEHMANN, M., LORENTZEN, B., MANNING, S.W., MARKLEIN, K., PURSCHWITZ, C., RÖSSNER, C., TAPPERT, C. and VALSECCHI GILLMEISTER, M.A., 2019. Archäologische Forschungen am Oymaağaç Höyük/Nerik 2016–2018. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 151, 37–200.DRAGANITS, E., DONEUS, M., GANSUM, T., GUSTAVSEN, L., NAU, E., TONNING, C., TRINKS, I., and NEUBAUER, W., 2015. The late Nordic Iron Age and Viking Age royal burial site of Borre in Norway: ALS- and GPR-based landscape reconstruction and harbour location at an uplifting coastal area. Quaternary International, 367, 96–110.DRAUSCHKE, J., KÜHTREIBER, K., KÜHTREIBER, T., SCHARRER-LISKA, G. and VIDA, T., eds., 2018. Lebenswelten zwischen Archäologie und Geschichte. Festschrift für Falko Daim zu seinem 65. Geburtstag. Mainz: Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, 150, 2018.ETHIER, J., BÁNFFY, E., VUKOVIC, J., LESHTAKOV, K., BACVAROV, K., ROFFET-SALQUE, M., EVERSHED, R.P. and Figure 12.Reconstruction of a Celtic house. Schwarzenbach. Niederösterreich. Photo by W. Lobisser.
image/svg+xmlIANSA 2021 ● XII/1 ● 91–103Irmgard Hein, Birgit Bühler, Maria Ivanova-Bieg, Günther-Karl Kunst, Mathias Mehofer, Gabriele Scharrer-Liska, Wolfgang Lobisser, Wolfgang Neubauer, Immo Trinks: VIAS – the Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science101IVANOVA, M., 2017. Earliest expansion of animal husbandry beyond the Mediterranean zone in the sixth millennium BC. Scientifc Reports 7(1),7146. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07427-x.EICHERT, S., and MEHOFER, M., 2013. Recycelte Römer oder slawische Metallurgen? Interdisziplinäre Studien zur frühmittelalterlichen Buntmetallindustrie im Ostalpenraum. Archäologie Österreichs, 24(2), 46–54.FECHT, M. and BÜHLER, B., 2020. Auswertung der herstellungstechnischen Untersuchung.In: M. Schulze-Dörrlamm, ed. Byzantinische Goldschmiedearbeiten im Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum. 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Online: https://vias.univie.ac.at/projekte/aktuell/tell-el-daba/.HEIN, I., ROJAS-DOMÍNGUEZ, A., ORNELAS, M., D’ERCOLE, G. and PELOSCHEK, L., 2018. Automated classifcation of archaeological ceramic materials by means of texture measures’, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 21, 921 – 928. DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.12.032.HOREJS, B. and MEHOFER, M., eds., 2014. Western Anatolia before Troy. Proto-Urbanisation in the 4thMillennium BC? Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria, 21–24 November, 2012. Oriental and European Archaeology 1, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.IVANOVA, M., 2020. Growing societies: an ecological perspective on the spread of crop cultivation and animal herding in Europe. In: K. Gron, L. Sørensen and P. Rowley-Conwy, eds. Farmers at the Frontier: A Pan-European Perspective on Neolithisation. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 7–44.IVANOVA, M., ATHANASSOV, B., PETROVA, V., TAKOROVA, D. andSTOCKHAMMER, P., 2018. Social Dimensions of Food in the Prehistoric Balkans.Oxford: Oxbow.IVANOVA, M., DE CUPERE, B., ETHIER, J., and MARINOVA, E., 2018. Pioneer farming in southeast Europe during the early sixth millennium BC: Climate-related adaptations in the exploitation of plants and animals. PLoS ONE13(5): e0197225. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197225.JUNG, R., and MEHOFER, M., 2013. Mycenaean Greece and Bronze Age Italy: cooperation, trade or war? Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 43, 175–193.JUNG, R., MEHOFER, M., and PERNICKA, E., 2011. Metal Exchange in Italy from the Middle to the Final Bronze Age (14th– 11thcent. B.C.E). In: P.B. Betancourt, and S.C. Ferrence, eds. Metallurgy: Understanding How, Learning Why.Festschrift J.D. Muhly. Prehistory Monographs,29. 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