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XI/2/2020
INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICA
NATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY
homepage: http://www.iansa.eu
Cocklebur (
Xanthium strumarium
L.)
in the Archaeological Chronicle of Ukraine
Sergiy Gorbanenko
a*
a
The Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Heroiv Stalingrada 12 ave., 04210, Kyiv, Ukraine
1. Introduction
Scientists who study the distribution of plants in time and
space usually encounter difculties related to the insufcient
content of existing information databases on this subject.
Such an invasive plant as the common cocklebur (
Xanthium
strumarium
L.) is no exception. It is an annual late weed
growing in felds, pastures, gardens, ravines and near
dwellings, mainly on sandy soils. It is now widespread
throughout Ukraine (Veselovskii, Lysenko and Manko,
1988, p.60).
For a long time, the question of the appearance of
cocklebur in the territory of modern Ukraine was unsettled.
Thus, back in the 1980s, V.V. Protopopova only indicated
that the routes of its spreading to Europe were apparently
related to nomadic tribes, such as the Goths, Huns,
Pechenegs, Polovtsians (Cumans), Tatars,
etc.
Based on the
archaeological sources available at that time, the researcher
indicated the period of its appearance in Europe as the
Medieval period (Protopopova, 1989, pp.78–80). Given the
lack of evidence, this assumption, although likely, is less
important than determining the route of its entry: namely,
following the ways of the nomads from Central Asia.
Recently, an article with an analysis of palaeoethnobotanical
materials from the Lutomiersk-Koziówki settlement near Łódź
(Central Poland) has been published (Mueller-Bieniek
et al.
,
2015, pp.280–281). We will give more detailed attention to the
section of this article relating to cocklebur (
X. strumarium
L.)
since the authors’ fairly comprehensive review and analysis
deprive us of the need to conduct such an inspection on our
own. The main theses are as follows. 1) Since pollen can be
transported over long distances together with the wind, it
is important to fnd macro-residues of cocklebur. 2) In the
settlement of Lutomiersk-Koziówki, the oldest fnds of macro-
residues of cocklebur in Europe have been discovered: the
archaeological period is the Late Bronze Age (HaB1–HaB2).
The date by radiocarbon analysis is 2745 ± 30 BP, therefore
after calibration this is 912–841 BC cal with a probability
of 68.2 % (975–818 BC has a probability of 95.4 %). 3) In
Europe, the oldest fnds of macro-residues are known in the
Volume XI ● Issue 2/2020 ● Pages 177–182
*Corresponding author. E-mail: gorbanenko@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received: 9
th
May 2020
Accepted: 29
th
September 2020
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2020.2.3
Keywords:
archaeology
palaeoethnobotany
Ukraine
Eastern Europe
common cocklebur
Xanthium strumarium
L.
Scythians
Slavs
ABSTRACT
This article collects and organizes data on common cocklebur (
Xanthium strumarium
L.) fnds from
archaeological sites in modern Ukraine. The frst fnd comes from charred macro-residues discovered
in the middle of the 20
th
century in the hillfort of Bilsk. Two more fnds are represented by imprints
on clay products. They were discovered as a result of a purposeful inspection of ceramics; these fnds
come from Scythian sites. The last fnd comes from an Ancient Rus site: a signifcant amount of charred
material was found there.
The territory of modern Ukraine is situated at the crossroads of Eurasian land routes and waterways.
The fndings presented are important for restoring the history of the appearance of the cocklebur in
Europe.
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Sergiy Gorbanenko: Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) in the Archaeological Chronicle of Ukraine
178
settlements of the Late Bronze Age and mainly of the Early
Iron Age; however, the greatest number of such fnds relates
to the Middle Ages. 4) A cocklebur is an archaeophyte that
has come to Europe from the East. 5) The authors have made
an overview of the cocklebur plant in antiquity in Europe
and concluded that it was just the species
X. strumarium
L.
(Mueller-Bieniek
et al.
, 2015, pp.280–281).
2. Materials and methods
The study was carried out in several stages. During
palaeoethnobotanical studies of imprints on clay products,
two imprints from two sites of Scythian times were found.
According to the results of the study of charred macro-
residues from the ancient Rus hillfort, several dozen whole
and fragmented burnt fruits were identifed. Acquaintance
with academic literature led to an understanding of a certain
uniqueness with such fnds. A study of the special literature
on the palaeoethnobotany of Ukrainian archaeological sites
allowed only one more case of the fnding of a fragment of
a charred fruit in an early Iron Age site to be detected.
Thus, the material was obtained in two ways: taking
imprints from clay products in two cases, and the accidental
detection of charred macro-residues in two cases. Three out
of the four cases have occurred in recent years.
Below is a catalogue of the fnds of common cocklebur in
the archaeological sites of Ukraine. The material is given in
chronological order from the earliest fnd. The sites, where
cocklebur was found are represented in the map (Figure 1)
1
.
1
The numbering in the catalog and on the map is the same.
3. Results
3.1 Bilske hillfort (Poltava Region)
Western fortifcation, ash heap 19. The research was carried out
in 1967–1968 by a Scythian-Slavic archaeological expedition
of A.M. Gorky Kharkiv State University (now V. N. Karazin
Kharkiv National University) led by B.A. Shramko. The
material was archaeologically dated back to the second half
of the seventh century BC (Shramko, 1971; Šramko, 1973,
pp.154–157). Accumulations of charred palaeoethnobotanical
material in pits 1 and 3 were found; it was an accidental fnd.
A fragment of the cocklebur fruit was found in the sample
from pit 3 (No 508/19-68). The identifcation was made
by the staf of the All-Union Institute of Plant Breeding:
М.М. Yakubtsiner, R.Kh. Makasheva, М.V. Lukianova,
V.N. Lysova, R.A. Udachina (Šramko 1973, pp.54–157).
3.2 Tsyrkuny hillfort (Kharkiv Region)
Early Iron Age. The study was undertaken by the Tsyrkuny
archaeological expedition of Kharkiv Historical Museum
under the direction of K.Yu. Peliashenko in the period
2007–2017. The material was archaeologically dated from
the end of the ffth to the fourth century BC (
e.g.
Peliashenko,
2017). Clay products from the excavations were inspected
and one imprint on the fragment of a pot was found. Another
indentation nearby is somewhat reminiscent of an identifed
imprint. However, it is unclear and has no characteristic
depressions from the spines (Figure 2:1). Identifcation
was made by S.A. Gorbanenko (Gorbanenko, 2019, p.364).
The collection is stored in the depository of the Museum of
Archeology of V.N. Karazin KhNU and in the M.F. Sumtsov
Kharkiv Historical Museum.
Figure 1.
Map of cocklebur fnds in the territory of modern Ukraine:
Scythian sites
: 1 – Bilsk; 2 – Tsyrkuny; 3 – Novoselivka;
Ancient Rus site
: 4 – Manzhelia
(I – steppe zone; II – forest-steppe zone; III – forest zone; IV – the regions of altitudinal zonality, after Arepeva
et al.
, 1974, p.24).
0 200 km
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Sergiy Gorbanenko: Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) in the Archaeological Chronicle of Ukraine
179
3.3 Novoselivka settlement (Kharkiv Region)
Early Iron Age. The study was conducted by an expedition
of the State enterprise of the Security Archaeological Service
of Ukraine “Slobozhansk Archaeological Service” under the
direction of I.B. Shramko in 2010–2012. The material was
archaeologically dated to the fourth century BC (Shramko,
2011; Shramko, Peliashenko, Zadnikov, 2012). Clay products
from the excavations were inspected and an imprint on a
fragment of a pot was found (Figure 2:2). Identifcation was
made by S.A. Gorbanenko. The collection is stored in the
depositary of the Museum of Archaeology of V. N. Karazin
KhNU.
3.4 Manzhelia hillfort (Poltava Region)
Ancient Rus period. The excavation was carried out by
an expedition of the Centre for Protection and Research
of Monuments of Archaeology of the Department of
Culture of Poltava Regional State Administration under
the direction of V.V. Sherstiuk in 2015–2016. The remains
of a residential structure archaeologically dated from the
middle to the second half of the twelfth century AD were
investigated (Sherstiuk, 2018; Gorbanenko and Sherstiuk,
2017). Classical archaeological methods (selection by hand)
allowed a signifcant amount of botanical materials to be
collected. The materials were in several accumulations. One
of them consisted of several dozens of whole and fragmented
charred fruits of cocklebur (Figure 3)
2
.
4. Discussion
The territory of modern Ukraine is situated at the crossroads
of many land routes and waterways connecting Europe and
Asia. The waterway “from the Varangians to the Greeks”
2
In the feld, the material was pre-determined by the head of the expedition
V.V. Sherstyuk. Scientifc examination after the photo, which confrmed the
previous observations, was conducted by H.O. Pashkevych.
passed through this area (in a north-south direction) as well
as partially the path of permanent migrations from Asia to
Europe (the segment through eastern Europe to its central
and western part, Figure 4). It is important to add here that
nomads chose for migration the natural conditions familiar to
them, such as steppe areas, and protrusions of steppe areas,
that rose into the forest-steppe zone along the river valleys.
All the sites where the data on cocklebur came from were
located in the forest-steppe zone (see Figure 1).
According to the available materials from Ukraine, the frst
fnds of common cocklebur came from Scythian sites. For
a long time, there has been no discussion on the migration
waves of the early nomads that was occurring throughout the
whole Early Iron Age (
e.g.
Alekseev, 2003; Bruiako, 2005;
historiography of the issue –
id
). Thus, the data suggest that
at least at the beginning of the Early Iron Age, the common
cocklebur had already reached the territory of modern
Ukraine. Given the eventuality of palaeoethnobotanical
studies in general, as well as in Ukraine, the randomness of
such fndings is extremely low. Thus, as of 1991, materials
from only 17 sites of the Bronze Age had been analysed.
The vast majority of them were small samples of imprints on
clay products. Only one mass-fnd of charred macro-residues
contained a signifcant number of specimens of weeds (see
Pashkevich, 1991). The state of research of the sites of this
period has not changed signifcantly since then.
Thus, today we can only speak about the earlier appearance
of common cocklebur in the territory of modern Ukraine
hypothetically: only on the basis that in the territories to the
west it was discovered on Bronze Age sites. Further targeted
exploration and research could shed light on this issue.
According to materials from Scythian sites (the Early Iron
Age), it is difcult to say something about the use of the
cocklebur. Materials from Manzhelia are the best sample;
they therefore should be discussed in more detail.
It should be recalled that the dwelling of Ancient Rus
time was investigated in Manzhelia. By all indications,
it was destroyed in a fre. A detailed comparison of the
Figure 2.
Cocklebur from the Scythian sites, imprints on pots: 1 – Tsyrkuny (approximately double size; photo by S.A. Gorbanenko); 2 – Novoselivka
(photo by S.A. Zadnikov).
0 10 mm
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Sergiy Gorbanenko: Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) in the Archaeological Chronicle of Ukraine
180
Figure 3.
Cocklebur from the Ancient Rus hillfort of Manzhelia: 1 – general view; 2 – some examples of fruits in detail.
palaeoethnobotanical materials found in this structure even
made it possible to speculate about the probable time of
year of its destruction. It happened in late summer (or
early autumn): most likely in August (see Gorbanenko and
Sherstiuk, 2017, pp.149–150). In addition to cocklebur,
crop grain was also found in the house: rye (
Secale cereale
)
and millet (
Panicum miliaceum
). Also found were: legumes
– pea (
Pisum sativum
); weeds – fowers of the Aster family-
(Asteraceae) – probably calendula (
Calendula
sp.)
3
; fruit
stones of trees of the
Prunus
genus – cherry (
Prunus
subg.
Cerasus
) and plum (
Prunus
sp.). Finds of cultivated plants
are not of particular interest; however, the remnants of the
fruits of trees and weeds do attract attention. Thus, the fnd
3
Consultation was provided by O.Yu. Lebedeva.
of cherry and plum stones indicate gardening or gathering.
Gathering is also indicated by the fnds of the fruits of
common cocklebur, and probably of calendula fowers,
though the latter are relatively few, no doubt primarily
due to their fragility. However, there were several dozens
of cocklebur fruits. This indicates a targeted, rather than
just accidental, appearance of these plant parts in the
dwelling. Both of these plants have healing properties; they
are still used in traditional medicine (Chopik, Dudchenko
and Krasnova, 1983). So, for the Ancient Rus period, we
can assume the following about the cocklebur: 1) people
of ancient Rus were already familiar with the healing
properties of the common cocklebur; and 2) the cocklebur
was distributed in such quantities that made it possible to
be harvested as a medicinal plant.
0 10 mm
0 20 mm
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Sergiy Gorbanenko: Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) in the Archaeological Chronicle of Ukraine
181
5. Final provisions
The following circumstances prompted me to write this article:
Firstly, over a relatively short period of time, material indicative
of the rather early appearance of the common cocklebur in the
territory of modern Ukraine has been accumulated. However,
since I am not a botanist by profession, I considered it necessary
to share these data with specialists who may require such
information. Secondly, the publication of this material at least
partially ‘closes’ the geographical lacuna in the distribution of
this species in ancient times on its way from the east – from
Asia, to central and western Europe. The appearance of this
publication has been facilitated by a familiarization with the
content of an article on the analysis of paleoethnobotanical
materials from the settlement of Lutomiersk-Koziówki near
Łódź in Central Poland (Mueller-Bieniek
et al.
, 2015), which
could indicate that prehistoric contacts between East and West
shifted to the north of the Carpathian Belt.
6. Conclusions
At least three Scythian sites where common cocklebur has
been found are known today, thus eliminating the somewhat
randomness of discovered and identifed material existing
previously. The penetration of the plant into the territory of
modern Ukraine should be dated no later than the beginning
of the Early Iron Age. For the period of Ancient Rus, we are
now able to raise the issue of the collection and use of this
plant for medicinal use.
7. Acknowledgment
I am grateful to Yu.V. Boltrik, S.A. Zadnikov, O.Yu. Lebedeva,
H.O. Pashkevych, K.Yu. Peliashenko, V.V. Sherstiuk and
I.B. Shramko for contributing to the publication of this
article, as well as to the reviewers for signifcant comments to
improve the structure of the study. The article was translated
by Maryna Sergeeva.
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