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X/2/2019
INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICA
NATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY
homepage: http://www.iansa.eu
Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great
Hungarian Plain: Preliminary p-XRF Compositional Results
and the Socio-Cultural Implications
Danielle J. Riebe
a*
a
The Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
1. Introduction
Chipped stone tool analysis is an essential aspect of
prehistoric archaeological research throughout Europe,
especially in regard to reconstructing developments in
technology (see Kertész, 1994; Kozłowski, 2001; Perlès,
1987; 1990; Voytek, 1986), dietary and subsistence practices
(see Eichmann, 2004; Kertész, 2003), and socio-economic
systems of exchange (see Biró, 1998a; 2006; Cann and
Renfrew, 1964; Renfrew
et al.
, 1965; Starnini and Voytek,
2012; Torrence, 1986; Tykot, 2002a). Intensive studies on
chipped stone tools from Neolithic sites throughout the Great
Hungarian Plain have been used to understand individual
site use (see Erdélyi-Bácskay, 2007; Starnini, 1994; Starnini
and Szakmány, 1998; Starnini
et al.
, 2007), and until more
recently, fewer studies focused on synthesizing these results
to model chipped stone tool variation at the regional scale
(see Biagi and Starnini, 2013; Biró, 1984; 1987; 1998a;
1998b; Kovács, 2013). Moreover, ascertaining provenance
of chipped stone tools in the region has been traditionally
determined through macroscopic analysis (see Biró, 1984;
1987; 1998a; 1998b; Erdélyi-Bácskay, 2007; Kertész, 1994;
Kovács, 2013; Starnini, 1994). However, when dealing with
a very homogenous material that has a large visual spectrum,
such as obsidian, visual analysis can be misleading, which
in turn can result in misinterpretations regarding material
access, acquisition, and exchange (see Braswell
et al.
, 2000;
Moholy-Nagy, 2003; Tykot, 2002b).
Since the 1970s, compositional studies on Carpathian
obsidian sources have made it possible to geochemically
diferentiate the sources (Biagi
et al.
, 2007; Glascock
et al.
,
2015; Kasztovszky and Biró, 2006; Kasztovszky
et al.
, 2019;
Kasztovszky
et al.
, 2014; Kasztovszky
et al.
, 2008; Oddone
et al.
, 1999; Riebe, 2016; Rosania
et al.
, 2008; Williams and
Volume X ● Issue 2/2019 ● Pages 113–120
*Corresponding author. E-mail: driebe@feldmuseum.org
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received: 23
rd
March 2019
Accepted: 18
th
November 2019
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.24916/iansa.2019.2.1
Key words:
P-XRF Analysis
obsidian sourcing
prehistoric European archaeology
patterns of exploitation
socio-cultural boundaries
ABSTRACT
Signifcant archaeological research has been conducted on chipped stone tools recovered from
prehistoric sites throughout Eastern Europe and the Balkans. The limited number of obsidian
geological sources in the region, combined with the relatively homogeneous nature of obsidian and the
increased use of new techniques for conducting compositional analysis in the feld, has facilitated an
accurate sourcing of obsidian artefacts from sites in the region. This article presents the compositional
results of 203 obsidian artefacts recovered from seven Late Neolithic (5,000–4,500 BCE) sites from the
Great Hungarian Plain. Compositional results of the archaeological specimens obtained with a Bruker
portable X-ray fuorescence device (p-XRF) were compared with obsidian geological compositional
data to determine artefact provenance. By sourcing the obsidian chipped stone tools, it is possible
to reconstruct prehistoric patterns of exploitation/exchange and to note how these patterns vary
throughout the Plain. The results illustrate that the majority of the studied artefacts originated from
the Carpathian 1 source and only a limited number of samples came from the Carpathian 2E and
Carpathian 2T sources. Based on this preliminary study, the variation in geological source exploitation
may be linked to socio-cultural practices that diferentiated the Tisza and Herpály archaeological units
during the Late Neolithic.
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Danielle J. Riebe: Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great Hungarian Plain: Preliminary p-XRF Compositional Results
and the Socio-Cultural Implications
114
Nandris, 1977; Williams Thorpe, 1978; Williams Thorpe
et al.
, 1984). Four major sources are known in the region:
Carpathian 1, Carpathian 2E, Carpathian 2T, and Carpathian
3 (Figure 1). While technology has signifcantly improved
making it possible to inexpensively carry out compositional
analysis in the feld, p-XRF analysis of obsidian from
prehistoric sites in Hungary has not been published
previously. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is two-fold:
frstly, to identify if diferent patterns of obsidian exploitation
occurred during the Late Neolithic on the Great Hungarian
Plain and if so, what social implications can be discerned
from the variability. Secondly, while site-specifc studies are
essential, it is necessary to contextualize the sites and their
assemblages within a regional framework. Through p-XRF
analysis of obsidian, it is possible to use the analytical results
to begin reconstructing regional systems of interaction and
model socio-cultural developments in the past. As part
of an ongoing research project that is investigating the
extent to which regional interactions impacts socio-cultural
boundaries in the past, obsidian specimens from seven Late
Neolithic sites located on the Great Hungarian Plain were
selected for p-XRF compositional analysis. The following
results are preliminary in scope but illustrate the success
of compositional analysis in reconstructing Late Neolithic
regional interactions, including material exploitation and
exchange, across the Great Hungarian Plain.
2. The region
During the Late Neolithic (5,000–4,500 BCE), there were
three major archaeological units on the Great Hungarian
Plain (Figure 1). The Csőszhalom archaeological unit was
restricted to the far north along the northern part of the Tisza
River, the Herpály archaeological unit was located in the
middle of the Plain with sites predominantly situated along
the Berettyó River, and in the southeastern part of the Plain
was the Tisza archaeological unit with sites found along the
Körös, Tisza, and Maros Rivers and their tributaries. There
are a number of socio-cultural aspects that help to distinguish
these archaeological units, chief among them being
architectural style, subsistence practices, burial and ritual
practices, and ceramic stylistic design (Kalicz and Raczky,
1987; Tálas and Raczky, 1987). While three archaeological
units inhabited the region at this time, the focus of this study
is on sites located in the Körös and Berettyó River Valleys.
Between these two rivers, previous research has successfully
modeled the presence of a strongly enforced boundary
between the Herpály and Tisza cultural units (see Riebe,
2016).
In particular, one feature that both the Late Neolithic Tisza
and Herpály sites have in common is their locational defciency
in regard to raw geological sources for creating chipped stone
tools. Geographically, the Great Hungarian Plain is situated in
the Carpathian Basin and is surrounded by a series of mountains
that encircle the Plain. Exceptional research has been carried
out on the lithic assemblages from many prehistoric sites in
Hungary and while it is commonly accepted that exchange of
some sort (
i.e.
, down-the-line, direct procurement, and/or central
redistribution) occurred in order for Late Neolithic inhabitants
on the Plain to acquire geological materials for chipped stone
tools, modeling this exchange has been limited in execution
(Kovács, 2013; Riebe, 2016).
3. Methods
Early studies on obsidian in the region were ground breaking
in terms of illustrating that compositional variation existed
between diferent Carpathian sources. The initial success
by scholars like O. Williams-Thorpe and J. Nandris
(1977) in discerning obsidian source diferentiation was
Figure 1.
The Great Hungarian Plain
with the nearby obsidian sources
marked (Carpathian 1, Carpathian 2E,
Carpathian 2T, and Carpathian 3), the Late
Neolithic Herpály and Tisza cultural units
demarcated, and the sites discussed in this
article: 1) Vésztő-Mágor, 2) Szeghalom
Kovácshalom, 3) Szeghalom-Várhely,
4) Csökmő-Káposztás Domb, 5) Dévaványa-
Réhelyi Dűlő, 6) Szentpéterszeg-Kovadomb
7) Gyula-Köztisztasági Vállalat.
0 20 km
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Danielle J. Riebe: Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great Hungarian Plain: Preliminary p-XRF Compositional Results
and the Socio-Cultural Implications
115
likely tempered by the exorbitant cost associated with the
geochemical analyses, resulting in limited compositional
studies of obsidians in Hungary (see Constantinescu
et al.
,
2002; Constantinescu
et al.
, 2014; Kasztovszky and Biró,
2006; Kasztovszky
et al.
, 2014; Kasztovszky
et al.
, 2019;
Williams-Thorpe
et al.
, 1984). Instead, scholars relied on
macroscopic analysis that depended on translucency and/or
shades of black to diferentiate the obsidian sources (Biró,
2006). In other cases, the analysis was simplifed, and
general material categories were utilized (
i.e.
, “obsidian” as
opposed to specifc source categories such as Carpathian 1,
Carpathian 2E, Carpathian 2T, or Carpathian 3) resulting in
all obsidian sources and sub-sources being grouped together.
However, because obsidian is so variable in terms of colour
and translucency, the former method of analysis may easily
have resulted in the misclassifcation of obsidian sources.
Similarly, the latter method of analysis completely limits
the researcher’s interpretation and obscures any potential
diferences in source exploitation and/or access. To rectify
this issue, it became necessary to fnd an analytical technique
that could analyze the obsidian at a cost efective rate.
A solution to the obsidian sourcing issue was found in the
portable X-ray fuorescence device. Beginning in the summer
of 2013, a p-XRF device was brought to Hungary to analyze
both archaeological and geological obsidian materials.
Since this is a non-destructive technique, analysis causes no
damage to the artefacts or geological samples. Additionally,
analysis can be conducted in the country, thereby foregoing
the necessity of permits to transport the samples abroad.
As an initial project, the chipped stone assemblages from
seven Late Neolithic sites that were designated as either
archaeologically Herpály (Csökmő-Káposztás Domb,
Szeghalom-Várhely, and Szentpéterszeg-Kovadomb)
or archaeologically Tisza (Szeghalom-Kovácshalom,
VésztőMágor, Dévaványa-Réhely-Dűlő, and Gyula-
Köztisztasági Vállalat; Figure 1) were selected for analysis.
The assemblages originate from both surface collections and
excavations (Riebe, 2016). In addition to the archaeological
materials, geological specimens representing the diferent
obsidian sources were also analyzed. Dr. Katalin Biró at
the Hungarian National Museum granted access to the
Lithotheca collection, which contains samples of geological
Table 1.
Geological samples analyzed from the Lithotheca Collection at the Hungarian National Museum.
P-XRF IDSourceSource abbreviationLithotheca inventory
V1Vinicky
Carpathian 1
L 2009.1.2
V2Vinicky
Carpathian 1
L 2009.1.3
V3Vinicky
Carpathian 1
L 2009.1.2/1
V4Vinicky
Carpathian 1
L 2009.1.2/3
V5Vinicky
Carpathian 1
L 2009.1.2/2
V6Vinicky
Carpathian 1
L 2009.1.2/5
V7Vinicky
Carpathian 1
L 2009.1.2/4
V11Vinicky
Carpathian 1
L 86/189
V12
KasovCarpathian 1
L 86/188a
V13
KasovCarpathian 1
L 86/187a
V14
KasovCarpathian 1
L 86/187b
V15
KasovCarpathian 1
L 86/188b
V16Vinicky
Carpathian 1
L 86/191
V19Cejkov
Carpathian 1
L 86/186
L1
CSSR Trebisov dist. Cejkov
Carpathian 1
–
L2Tokaj mts. Erdőbénye Setétes summitCarpathian 2E–
L3
Tokaj mts. Bodrogkeresztúr Tufabánya environsCarpathian 2E–
L4
Tokaj mts. Mád Kakas-hegyCarpathian 2E–
L11
Tokaj mts. Mád Kakas-hegyCarpathian 2E–
L12Tokaj mts. Mád Kakas-hegyCarpathian 2E–
V17Tolcsva Ranyi dulo (2T)Carpathian 2TL 86/170a
V18Tolcsva Ranyi dulo (2T)Carpathian 2TL 86/170b
V23Tolcsva collection pt. 1 (2T)Carpathian 2TL 89/17
L5Tolcsva – west of 228, 4hpCarpathian 2T–
V8Tolcsva – ciroka arok (2T)Carpathian 2TL 2009.10.1
V22Rokoszovo – Transcarpathian Ukraine Hust
Carpathian 3
L 86/272
V9Rokoszovo
Carpathian 3
L 2009.13.1
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and the Socio-Cultural Implications
116
sources from all over the world (see Biró and Dobosi, 1991;
Biró
et al.
, 2000). Samples from each of the four Carpathian
sources were analyzed to construct geological source
signatures (Table 1).
4. Techniques
A Bruker TRAcER III-SD on loan from the Elemental Analysis
Facility at the Field Museum of Natural History was utilized
to analyze all samples in this study. This device is equipped
with a Rh anode and for the purpose of analyzing obsidian
materials, a flter composed of 12 millimeters of aluminum,
1 millimeter of titanium, and 6 millimeters of copper was
inserted into the device. The Bruker was connected to a PC
laptop and S1PXRF software utilized. A vacuum pump was
not necessary for this project and because the pump was not
employed it was possible to collect data for ten elements,
including manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), gallium
(Ga), thorium (Th), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), yttrium
(Y), zirconium (Zr), and niobium (Nb). Each sample was
analyzed for 300 seconds at 40kv and 11μA. In the S1PXRF
software, the results were calibrated using a calibration fle
supplied by Bruker and developed with MURR that consists
of 40 reference standards. The results were provided in
parts-per-million (ppm) and were transformed to log-base
10 values prior to statistical processing using JMP software.
5. Materials
From the Lithotheca collections, twenty-seven geological
obsidian specimens were analyzed representing the four
obsidian geological sources: ffteen samples from Carpathian
1, fve samples from Carpathian 2E, fve samples from
Carpathian 2T, and two samples from Carpathian 3. While
Carpathian 3 is well known, evidence of its use beyond
local exploitation has not been identifed at prehistoric
sites in Eastern Europe (Rácz, 2008; 2012; Rácz
et al.
,
2016). Moreover, while some compositional studies have
separated Carpathian 1 into two sources, Carpathian 1a and
1b (see Bačo
et al.
, 2018; Burgert
et al.
, 2017; Přichystal
and Škrdla, 2014; Rosania and Baker, 2009; Rosania
et al.
,
2008), this requires compositional techniques that measure
more elements than the Bruker p-XRF. Specifcally, Rosiana
et al.
(2008) conducted neutron activation analysis and
relied on rubidium (Rb), uranium (U), Sb (antimony), and
Sc (scandium) to diferentiate Carpathian 1a and 1b. Of those
Table 2.
Summary of chipped stone tools per site.
Site/Material Type Total ObsidianObsidian Analyzed w/P-XRF Other MaterialsTotal
Szentpéterszeg-Kovadomb
12124052
Csökmő-Káposztás-Domb
88
2432
Dévaványa-Réhelyi-dűlő222325
Szeghalom-Kovácshalom
8670
139
225
Szeghalom-Várhely
777474
151
Vésztő-Mágor
191947
66
Gyula-Köztisztasági Vállalat
191841
60
Total223203388611
Figure 2.
Bivariate plot illustrating
archaeological samples (dots) and geological
samples. Carpathian 1 sources are blue plus
signs (+), Carpathian 2E are red x’s, and
Carpathian 2T are green x’s. The results are
logged and ellipses represent 90% confdence
intervals.
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117
elements, the Bruker p-XRF can only accurately measure
Rb, thereby making it impossible to further refne the source
into subgroups. Therefore, this paper treats Carpathian 1
as one source and the results refect this approach. Overall,
the obsidian sources can be diferentiated using a series of
bivariate plots and the elements manganese (Mn), iron (Fe),
rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), and zirconium (Zr)
(parts-per-million results provided in Supplementary Table 1).
The chipped stone assemblages for the seven Late Neolithic
sites (Csökmő-Káposztás Domb, Szeghalom-Várhely,
Szentpéterszeg-Kovadomb Szeghalom-Kovácshalom, Vésztő-
Mágor, Dévaványa-Réhely-Dűlő, and Gyula-Köztisztasági
Vállalat) include a total of 611 archaeological specimens.
From these assemblages, Dr. Tibor Marton macroscopically
identifed 223 pieces as obsidian (approximately 36.49%).
Twenty samples were determined to be too small for analysis
(for more in-depth discussions about sample size see Davis
et al.
, 1998 and Frahm, 2016) resulting in the analysis of 203
obsidian archaeological samples (approximately 33.22% of
the overall chipped stone tool assemblage) with the Bruker
p-XRF (parts-per-million results provided in Supplementary
Table 1). The quantity of obsidian varied by site (see Table
2), and with the exception of Dévaványa-Réhelyi-Dűlő,
obsidian accounted for approximately 20–55% of any given
assemblage. The archaeological compositional results were
compared to the geological compositional results using both
exploratory and statistical analyses to determine source
provenance (see Figure 2).
6. Results
The previously identifed elements of Mn, Fe, Rb, Sr, Y,
and Zr were used initially to create bivariate plots to match
the archaeological specimens with the geological sources.
Bivariate plots with the geological and archaeological
materials illustrated the compositional diferences between
the sources (see Figure 2). A majority of the archaeological
specimens analyzed (n=199) were sourced to Carpathian 1,
while the remaining four specimens were sourced to
Carpathian 2E (n=2) and Carpathian 2T (n=2; see Table 3).
Multivariate statistical analyses were employed to further
support the groupings identifed in the bivariate plots.
Principal component analysis (PCA) is often implemented
during the statistical analysis of archaeometric results (see
Baxter, 1995; 2006). The same six elements (Mn, Fe, Rb, Sr,
Y, and Zr) used to generate the bivariate plots were utilized
during PCA (for similar statistical analyses on data in the
region, see Kasztovszky
et al.
, 2014; Prokeš
et al.
, 2015).
Approximately 80.5% of the compositional variation in
the archaeological obsidian was accounted for in Principal
Component 1 (PC1) and Principal Component 2 (PC2).
The same groupings previously identifed in the bivariate
plots were displayed in the principal component analysis
(Figure 3a). As a fnal measure, Canonical Discriminant
Function (CDF; see Glascock, 1992) analysis was also
conducted relying on the previously selected elements
of Mn, Fe, Rb, Sr, Y, and Zr. The CDF results reinforced
the previously obtained visual and statistical results,
verifying the compositional groupings with 199 specimens
originating from Carpathian 1, two specimens originating
from Carpathian 2E, and two specimens originating from
Carpathian 2T (Figure 3b).
Closer attention to the distribution of Carpathian 2E and
2T archaeological materials revealed that the Carpathian
2E specimens were found at the Tisza sites of Szeghalom-
Kovácshalom and Vésztő-Mágor, while the Carpathian 2T
samples were recovered from the Herpály sites of Csökmő-
Káposztás Domb and Szeghalom-Várhely. These four sites
happen to be in relatively close proximity to one another
and are, in fact, closer to each other than to any other site
in the study. Because the sites are closely located, it stands
to reason that distance to the geological locales was not a
causal factor for the variation in source exploitation. Rather,
the variation may be related to socio-cultural diferences
between the Herpály and Tisza cultural units.
Based on the predominance of obsidian from
Carpathian 1, it appears that the material from this source
was more accessible and/or more desirable to inhabitants
at sites in the study. Previous compositional studies in the
region have noted that the Carpathian 1 source was by far
the more heavily exploited source in prehistory (see Burgert
et al.
, 2016; Přichystal, Škrdla, 2014; Prokeš
et al.
, 2015);
however, what remains unclear is why the Carpathian 2E
and 2T sources were exploited to a lesser extent across
the Great Hungarian Plain. Contrary to what is illustrated
with Carpathian 1, the overall number of pieces from the
other sources suggests that either access was limited to the
Table 3.
Provenance of obsidian by site.
Site/Material Type Carpathian 1Carpathian 2E Carpathian 2TTotal
Szentpéterszeg-Kovadomb
120012
Csökmő-Káposztás-Domb
7
0
18
Dévaványa-Réhelyi-dűlő2002
Szeghalom-Kovácshalom
69
1
070
Szeghalom-Várhely
73
0
174
Vésztő-Mágor
181
0
19
Gyula-Köztisztasági Vállalat
18
00
18
Total19922203
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and the Socio-Cultural Implications
118
Carpathian 2E and 2T sources or the Carpathian 2 sources
were less desirable. Notwithstanding, the exclusivity of the
Carpathian 2E materials at Tisza sites and Carpathian 2T
materials at Herpály sites demonstrates a potential socio-
cultural preference for or limited access to these secondary
sources. This exclusivity combined with the argument of
limited access suggests that obsidian might have been a
material that was used to actively reinforce sociocultural
boundaries during the Late Neolithic.
7. Conclusions
Compositional analysis of obsidian materials from Herpály
and Tisza sites in this study acts as a starting point for future
research on Late Neolithic exploitation, access, exchange,
and socio-cultural boundaries through the study of obsidian
distribution. Rather than rely on macroscopic analysis of
obsidian, by using compositional analysis it is possible
to accurately source obsidian to its geological origin. In
turn, this presents an opportunity to reconstruct ancient
exchange networks and assess how access to those networks
and changes in those networks impacted and shaped
socio-cultural boundaries. An increased incorporation of
compositional analyses in archaeological studies in Eastern
Europe has the potential to revolutionize our understanding
of past social processes and improve our interpretation of
cultural developments.
As discussed in this article, the compositional analysis of
204 obsidian artefacts from seven Late Neolithic sites on the
Great Hungarian Plain demonstrated that multiple obsidian
geological sources were utilized in prehistory, including
Carpathian 1, Carpathian 2E, and Carpathian 2T. While the
majority of the archaeological specimens were sourced to
Carpathian 1, a small quantity was sourced to Carpathian 2E
and Carpathian 2T. Based on the limited number of artefacts
from these secondary sources, it does not appear that the
Carpathian 2 sources were heavily exploited at this time;
however, it is noteworthy that the Carpathian 2E artefacts
were only recovered from Tisza sites and the Carpathian
2T artefacts were only found at Herpály sites. These results
suggest the possibility that exploitation of the secondary
obsidian sources was linked to limited access and/or socio-
cultural preferences. The additional analysis of obsidian
artefacts from other Late Neolithic sites across the Great
Hungarian Plain will help to test this theory about the socio-
cultural implications of secondary obsidian source use.
Furthermore, these results act as only one line of evidence
Figure 3.
A) Results of the principal component analysis illustrating diferences in the archaeological obsidian. Carpathian 1 specimens are blue, Carpathian
2E specimens are red, and Carpathian 2T specimens are green. B) Results of Canonical Discriminant Function analysis illustrating the compositional
diferences between the archaeological specimens with Carpathian 1 marked as blue, Carpathian 2E marked as red, and the Carpathian 2T marked as green.
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Danielle J. Riebe: Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great Hungarian Plain: Preliminary p-XRF Compositional Results
and the Socio-Cultural Implications
119
for reconstructing Late Neolithic socio-cultural boundaries.
In the next phase of research, the obsidian compositional
data will be compared to the ceramic compositional results
for materials from the same sites to further illustrate how
materials were utilized in the past to shape socio-cultural
boundaries.
Acknowledgments
The results presented in this publication are in large part
due to Dr. Katalin Biró at the Hungarian National Museum
and Dr. Laure Dussibieux at the Field Museum of Natural
History. These researchers provided me access to the
geological materials at the Lithotheca and to the Bruker
p-XRF instrument at the Field Museum. Without either
colleague, this article would not exist. Additionally, I am
very grateful for the chipped stone tool analysis conducted
by Dr. Tibor Marton at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Thank you to the reviewers for their time and feedback – any
errors in the article are the sole product of the author. This
project was supported by the National Science Foundation
(Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant – 1312027) and
an IIE Student Fulbright Grant to Hungary.
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