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X/1/2019
InterdIscIplInarIa archaeologIca
natural scIences In archaeology
homepage: http://www.iansa.eu
Look into region
Interdisciplinary Research at the Department of Archaeology, Philosophical
Faculty, University of Hradec Králové
Richard Thér
a
a
Department of Archaeology, Philosophical Faculty, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
1. Beginnings of experimental research
The beginnings of academic activity related to
interdisciplinary research in archaeology in Hradec Králové
are inseparably connected with Radomír Tichý. In 1993, he
became an assistant for Ancient History and Antiquity at the
Department of History, Faculty of Education, University of
Hradec Králové (later the Institute of Historical Sciences at
the University of Hradec Králové). In 1994, he founded there
the University Centre of Experimental Archaeology and the
regionally-active Society of Experimental Archaeology
that brought together students and academics interested in
experimental archaeology.
His frst long-term experimental project was focused on
the construction of a basic settlement unit of frst farmers in
central Europe. An early Neolithic longhouse was built in
1994 in a typical Neolithic settlement location positioned on
a gentle southern slope at the confuence of two streams near
Librantice, a few kilometres to the east of Hradec Králové
(Figure 1). The house, as a basic structure of a Neolithic
settlement unit, was accompanied by reconstructions of
structures documented in the archaeological record –
hearths, ovens, storage pits, a clay pit, a well – and also
by theoretically-assumed components of the economic
hinterland. All the structures were constructed using replicas
of Neolithic artefacts. The experimental feld trips focused
on the building of the house and other structures, and
subsequently on their use, and the replication of a whole
spectrum of production activities as documented in an Early
Neolithic context, was organised over several summer and
winter campaigns (Tichý, 2000a). The project was terminated
in 1998 due to changes in the land ownership. The same
year, the experimentally-used area was excavated with the
aim to interpret depositional processes on the site. The basic
result of the excavation was that most of the lost or discarded
artefacts and debris remained laying on the surface and did
not enter the sunken features. Neolithic pottery, in particular,
has a low potential to enter the deposits in sunken features
as it soon disintegrates on the open surface (Tichý, 2001a).
2. Centre of Experimental Archaeology
and Archaeopark Všestary
In 1996, R. Tichý, together with students of history, started
to develop the Centre of Experimental Archaeology
Všestary (CEA). The initial aim of the project was to create
Volume X ● Issue 1/2019 ● Pages 97–104
*Corresponding author. E-mail: richard.ther@uhk.cz
ARtiCle inFo
Article history:
Received: 11
th
July 2019
Accepted: 18
th
August 2019
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.24916/iansa.2019.1.7
Key words:
experimental archaeology
technological analysis
automatic classifcation
University of Hradec Králové
AbstRACt
The Philosophical Faculty of the University of Hradec Králové (FF UHK) has recently become co-
publisher of the IANSA journal. This represents an appropriate opportunity to look into the history
of the interdisciplinary research at the Department of Archaeology of FF UHK. This article gives an
overview of the research undertaken, mainly in the feld of experimental archaeology and the study of
ancient technologies. The overview demonstrates the natural links that exist between the Department’s
research focus and the profle of the journal.
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an environment suitable for feld experiments. The model
settlement unit comprised some basic types of settlement
structures chosen to represent a variety of archaeological
features typical for Eastern Bohemia. The main
experimentally-constructed structures of the complex were
two post-built houses based on Bronze Age fnds and one
semi-sunken dwelling based on evidence from the Hallstatt
period. They were accompanied by other structures: a well,
storage and clay pits, a variety of workshops, felds and a
cemetery with various forms of burials (Figure 2; Thér and
Tichý, 2000; 2002).
CEA also exploits the educational potential of the results
of experimental archaeology. Since 2000, there has been an
increased interest from primary and secondary schools to
take part in the educational program “Touching Prehistory”.
The programme is grounded on the fact that our knowledge
of prehistory is based only on fragmentary material remains.
The way of life in prehistory is distant to us and our idea of
it is far from a complete picture. Teachers have only a few
means or possibilities to create an image of prehistoric life
that can be visualised by children. The program, therefore,
uses the results of experimental archaeology to achieve
a comprehensive perception of phenomena relating to
prehistoric life in children’s minds. Besides the experience
with replicas of life-size structures built from adequate
materials, the children and adults alike can themselves
experience the craft technology of daily prehistoric life.
CEA also serves for the training of students of archaeology.
There are two roles for university training at the CEA: 1)
The students gain hands-on experience with the materials
Figure 1.
Experimental construction of the
Neolithic long-house in Borek (photo by
R. Tichý).
Figure 2.
Centre of Experimental
Archaeology Všestary (photo by R. Thér).
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and techniques used in the archaeological periods studied
and in the design of archaeological experiments in seminars
supplementing the theoretical introduction to experimental
archaeology; 2) They develop presentation skills for the
dissemination of archaeological knowledge to the public
during the practical training focused on visitor guiding and
demonstrating the archaeologically-reconstructed processes.
With time, the presentation component of CEA’s
activities strengthened, which led to the transformation of
the CEA into the Prehistoric Archaeopark Všestary, opened
in 2013. The Archeopark represents a combination of both
an open-air and indoor exhibition. The newly-constructed,
three-foored building hosts a permanent exhibition that
maps out the basic issues of archaeological inquiry with an
emphasis on the interpretation of the archaeological record.
The open-air part of the Archaeopark contains prehistoric
buildings, workshops, clay pits, other types of settlement
features, and a cemetery. An important part of the open-
air exhibition is a roofed model of an archaeological
excavation. The permanent and temporary exhibitions are
complemented by interactive programmes. Apart from the
programmes for schools that follow the tradition of the
programme “Touching Prehistory”, there are also thematic
weekends: so-called “Days of Living Archaeology”. The
theme of each event covers a specifc topic, for example:
burial rituals, harvest and processing of food, hunters and
gatherers, Celtic craftsmanship, Romans on the fringes
of the Imperium, archaeological excavation,
etc.
(Tichý,
2017).
3. Monoxylon expeditions
Another long-term and complex experimental project,
Monoxylon expeditions, is focused on early sea navigation.
Prior to the frst maritime expedition, R. Tichý had had several
years of experience with experimentally-reconstructed river
logboats (Tichý, 2003). To date three expeditions in the
Mediterranean have been carried out.
Monoxylon I expedition was undertaken in 1995. The aim
of this frst expedition was to test out the possibilities of sea
navigation for the frst farmers who ventured between the
Middle East and mainland Greece. The objective of the frst
expedition was to verify the transport of people, crop and
livestock by a dugout logboat. The boat of the frst expedition
was hypothetical because at the time of preparation for the
expedition there had not been any fndings of Neolithic
dugout logboats in the Mediterranean. The boat was made
out of a poplar tree using a “burning out” technique. In
addition, replicas of Neolithic adzes and axes were tried out
to shape the wood. The boat had originally been ftted with a
mast and a boom sail. The results of the frst expedition led
to the conclusion that such type of sail is inappropriate for a
logboat of such construction. The mast signifcantly reduced
the vessel’s stability in wavy conditions at sea because of
the absence of a proper keel. The sail was only practical to
use in a stern wind (coming directly from behind the boat),
however, such conditions were rare during the voyage. The
issue with the short-axis stability of the boat was solved by
fxing a side foat-log. Adding a side foat took its toll though
in slowing down the speed of the boat and in reducing the
boat’s manoeuvrability. This 6 metre-long boat with a side
foat-log travelled 290 kilometres at sea. The route started
from the island of Samos and went through the chain of
islands of Ikaria, Mykonos, Tinos, Andros and Evia up the
coast of the Attica Peninsula, where it ended near the town
of Nea Makri. The boat was proven seaworthy and able
to transport a crew of nine alongside the additional load
onboard (Tichý, 2001b; 2001c; 2016).
The Monoxylon II Expedition took place in late August
and early September 1998. The main objective consisted in
the practical testing of coastal navigation by logboat along
the coast of Italy, France, Spain and Portugal. This expedition
was a natural continuation of the frst voyage to areas of
occurrence of the Early Neolithic Cardium pottery culture.
During their month at sea, the crew of the Monoxylon II
paddled a distance of over 780 kilometres. The boat of
Monoxylon II was inspired by the discovery of a Neolithic
Figure 3.
Dugout logboat with sail on
expedition Monoxylon III (photo by R. Thér).
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boat in Lake Bracciano (Italy) made of oak. Thanks to its
reinforced bottom and the transverse “ribs” of the bottom
(visible on the original), the monoxyl was very stable and
reached an average speed of 5 km/h. A sail was not tested
during this expedition (Tichý, 1999; 2000b; 2016).
The last expedition so far – Monoxylon III – took place
in the spring and early summer of 2019. New archaeological
evidence from Cyprus, Crete and other islands of the Aegean
Sea allowed the reopening of questions related to the spread
of agriculture and early maritime navigation. The latest
expedition focused on further details of the use of primitive
logboats as maritime vessels, especially the possible use of
a simple sail, and also on the question of travel distances
which could play a signifcant role in the way agricultural
communities spread across other parts of the Mediterranean.
These include the colonisation of Cyprus, islands of the
Adriatic Sea, and the spread of obsidian between Sicily and
the coast of Tunisia. The route of the expedition started from
the Attica Peninsula, continued across the chain of islands to
the Isle of Milos, which was a signifcant source of obsidian,
and from there to the islands of Santorini and Crete.
Monoxylon III used the boat of the second expedition, which
was then modifed to refect more accurately the parameters
of the original boat from Lake Bracciano. Also, some of the
movable wood components found in the original logboat
were taken into consideration and used in some hypothetical
placements and with the tying of the sail. The expedition
proved the capability of the boat to withstand the conditions
prevalent in the Aegean Sea and the possibilities of using the
simple sail efciently (Figure 3).
4. Study of pottery technology
Another line of the research at the Department of Archaeology
FF UHK, again grounded in the experimental and
interdisciplinary approach, is the study of pottery technology.
The methodology of identifcation of technological processes
from archaeological evidence is systematically being
developed. So far two lines of technological inquiry have
been followed: identifcation of pottery fring processes and
identifcation of pottery forming techniques.
Through a series of fring experiments we have ascertained
that fring procedures does afect many of the characteristics
of pottery and leaves archaeologically-testable traces. We
studied selected parameters of the fring process, based on
a large dataset of measured experimental pottery frings
involving all basic types of pottery fring structures (hearths,
clamps, kilns…) as evidenced or considered in archaeological
research. The results showed that there is a signifcant
diference between one-space and two-space frings. In one-
space frings, the vessels are in direct contact with the fuel,
while in two-space frings the vessels are separated from
the fuel. Firing structures can be characterized by a specifc
range of thermal profles based on the fring procedures
that can be employed in these structures (Thér, 2014). The
most important parameters usable for diferentiation among
fring processes are related to the dynamics of the fring.
Consequently, determining the efects of the dynamics of the
fring based on the properties of the ceramic products is a
key step in the application of this approach to archaeological
ceramics. That is why we have based our subsequent
research on the hypothesis that procedures with the potential
to develop fast heating and cooling rates with very short
soaking times around the maximum temperature can cause
a signifcant thermal gradient within the vessel wall. We
experimentally determined the limits of the heating dynamics
of the fring processes for two basic alternatives of pottery
fring considered for the Early Neolithic in central Europe—
bonfres and single-chamber kilns (Figures 4 and 5) —and
analysed the thermal gradient within the walls of the fred
pottery as the efect of these heating dynamics (Thér
et al.
,
2018).
Another line of research related to the study of pottery fring
has been a systematic study of the direct evidence of pottery
fring structures. The main theme is the spread and development
of two-chamber vertical kilns as one of the principal innovations
in pottery technology that occurred during the Iron Age in central
Europe. We explored the earliest evidence for such structures in
the Hallstatt period (Mangel and Thér, 2014; Mangel, Thér and
Figure 4.
Experimental bonfre: a) fring at the moment of maximum temperature on the outer zone of the (pottery) load; b) pottery exposed during the
cooling stage of the fring (photo by R. Thér).
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Gregor, 2015) and comprehensively analysed the fnds of the
La Tène two-chamber vertical kilns in central Europe (Mangel
and Thér, 2018).
The development of the methodology for the identifcation
of pottery forming techniques was based on the relationship
between forming techniques and the orientation of the
components of ceramic materials. The alignment of
inclusions and voids is usually characterized by qualitative
categories or ordinal scales. We developed a quantitative
approach. Measurement of the orientation refnes the analysis
of the preferred orientation by defning exact intervals of
orientation variability for particular forming techniques
and their combinations. Quantifcation of the alignment
and orientation of inclusion yields objective criteria for
interpretation the forming sequence employed. At frst, an
experimental collection of pottery manufactured using fve
basic forming techniques and combined techniques were
analysed. The intervals of the alignment and orientation
were then been proposed for the basic forming techniques
(Thér, 2016). Subsequently, we focused on the diferences
in orientation among pottery-forming techniques utilising
rotational movement. Apart from the comparison among the
forming techniques, the efects of degree of transformation
of the clay mass, shape of the vessel, velocity of rotation,
as well as the individual experience of the potter on the
orientation of particles in a wheel-thrown vessel wall were
also evaluated. The results showed that wheel throwing
can be diferentiated from other applications of rotational
movement in forming (Figure 6), but the characteristic
orientation parameters are not independent of the context
of the manufacture. They refect the equilibrium established
between the movements of the potter’s hands, the technical
parameters of the rotational device, properties of the clay
and the shape of the vessel (Thér and Toms, 2016).
The proposed methodology was successfully applied to
a study of the introduction of the potter’s wheel in central
Figure 5.
Experimental fring in a single-chamber kiln: a) fring at the moment of maximum temperature at the front of the load; b) pottery exposed during
the cooling stage of the fring (photo by R. Thér).
Figure 6.
Diferences in orientation of voids and particles in tangential section of the vessel wall among a wheel-thrown vessel (A), a wheel-shaped vessel
with coiling as a primary forming technique (B), and a wheel-shaped vessel with pinching as a primary forming technique (C). The orientation is represented
by rose diagrams showing the orientation of each detected inclusion or void in the sample (it is an alternative to the histogram for circular data). The wheel-
thrown vessel shows strong diagonal orientation corresponding with the direction of rotation (A). Horizontal orientation of the particles is typical for the
wheel-shaped vessel combined with coiling. It refects the orientation of the particles in the body of coils placed horizontally in the vessel wall (B). Pinching,
on the contrary, causes very poorly vertically-aligned textures or nonaligned textures (C) (R. Thér).
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Europe. We have demonstrated that the introduction of pottery,
formed using a potter’s wheel, at the beginning of the La Tène
period represents a clear technological discontinuity in terms
of ceramic paste preparation, the entire forming sequence
and the fring procedure. The identifed forming sequence
(wheel shaping) is a time-consuming and skill-demanding
activity. The clear technological divergence between wheel-
made pottery and the rest of pottery production refects
a divergence of identities within the potting community.
The results can be interpreted as being the consequences
of the transmission of a novel technology in a restricted
learning network. In contrast, during the La Tène C–D1
period, wheel-made pottery was produced in a number of
local pottery workshops. A diverse use of rotational energy
has been identifed. Wheel throwing occurred as common
practice in forming fne ware along with the use of wheel
shaping. The diversifcation of the use of a potter’s wheel
can be linked to changes in the selective environment caused
by increased socio-economic complexity in the period. The
results suggest the existence of independent specialists
sensitive to cost-efective production techniques (Thér and
Mangel, 2014; Thér, Mangel and Gregor, 2014; 2015; 2017;
Thér, Mangel and Toms, 2015).
Less successful was the application of the methodology
to hand-building forming techniques. We compared two
basic families of hand-building techniques (coiling and
slab-building). The results show that orientation analysis
can diferentiate between the orientation caused by the
forming force used in shaping the slabs and coils. However,
the pottery-forming practice cannot be simplifed to these
basic forming forces. Incorporation of slabs or coils into
the vessel wall or diferent approaches to form the segments
might result in signifcant transformation of the initial or
ideal orientation, resulting in an overlap of orientation
characteristics between the variants of the two basic forming
families. We demonstrated that the described methodology
can be used to trace basic trends in the development of
pottery-forming techniques in the Early Neolithic settlement
in Bylany. However, the results of our experimental analysis
should be a warning against too schematic a view of the
orientation patterns refecting these basic forming techniques.
Slab building and coiling are among the techniques where the
vectors of the forming force are not sufciently constrained
by the principles of the technique. Consequently, they can
produce highly variable orientations of the microstructure of
the formed ceramic vessels (Thér, Květina and Neumannová,
2019).
5. Journals
The extensive experimental research resulted in the
founding of the journal Reconstruction and Experiment in
Archaeology. The original aim of the journal was to support
the development of archaeological experimentation in the
Czech Republic and to create a platform for the publication
of experimental research. However, it soon became apparent
that the Czech environment is too small to fll out such a
specialised journal. In 2004, the journal was divided into
two separate series. The international format of the journal
under the name EuroREA (now EXARC journal http://
journal.exarc.net/ published by EXARC http://exarc.net/)
has extended its geographical scope. The focus of the Czech
journal, with the title supplemented by Živá archeologie
(Living Archaeology), was extended. The journal is
still oriented towards archaeological experiment and
reconstruction, but also welcomes articles dealing with the
interpretation of archaeological evidence and presentation of
archaeological knowledge.
6. Applied informatics
The third feld of interdisciplinary endeavour at the
Department of Archaeology FF UHK is applied informatics.
The frst project was focused on the use of geographic
information systems for the electronic publication of
documentation from archaeological excavations. In the
frst application, the data from a large-scale excavation of
the Neolithic settlement in Mohelnice was used. The aim
of the project was to create a comprehensive means of
excavation data publication and ofer new possibilities for
spatial analysis (Thér, 2004; 2008). The project was built
on the ArcGIS software platform and ArcGIS became the
basis for the processing of archaeological documentation
at the Department of Archaeology FF UHK. Since then, the
activities related to applied informatics have expanded and
at present also include the application of 3D modelling and
virtual reality. This development resulted in the accreditation
of a bachelor’s study program “Computer support in
archaeology” in 2006.
Most recently, a project focused on the automated
documentation and classifcation of pottery is being developed
and overseen by J. Wilczek. With the use of the latest
developments in mathematics, biology, physics, informatics
and archaeology, an easy-to-use computer application for
creating illustrations, classifcations, and automatic searches
is being developed in cooperation with the Université de
Bourgogne Franche-Comté in Dijon (France). The aim
of the computer application is the implementation of a
number of approaches allowing automatic classifcation and
automatic recognition of whole vessel shapes based on their
fragments. These approaches will include both previously
published, but as yet unused, methods (ICP, SIFT,
etc.
), and
new approaches based on modern statistical methods and
geometric morphometry. In this respect, the use of a number of
Machine Learning methods is also very promising, allowing
the combination of quantitative statistical methods and the
intuitive qualities of ceramics specialists (Figure 7; Wilczek,
2017; Wilczek
et al.
, 2018). Applying these methods should
increase the quality and quantity of archaeological data used
in archaeological interpretation.
The other project integrates approaches for the
identifcation of technological phenomena in archaeological
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pottery with methods of semi-automated classifcation. The
main objective of the project is to propose solutions allowing
to semi-automatically highlight, quantify and interpret
diagnostic traces on the surface of archaeological pottery.
The developed procedures apply some quantitative analyses
of 3D pottery models. In addition, the project also explores
the automatic determination of a manufacturing sequence
in order to increase the efectiveness of the archaeological
analyses and interpretation of archaeological pottery. The
project will also explore the possibilities of the efective
sharing of analysed, annotated, and interpreted 3D pottery
models with the wider scientifc community.
7. Conclusion
Thus it has been the long-term focus on interdisciplinary
research within the Department of Archaeology that has
led to the decision to share responsibility for the publishing
and provision of fnancial and organisational support for the
further development of the IANSA journal. The Philosophical
Faculty of the University of Hradec Králové has been a co-
publisher of the IANSA journal since the issue 2/2018.
References
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Figure 7.
Prototype of the computer application allowing morphological analogy identifcation to a fragment’s profle. Example of a result – the most
similar complete vessel (C17_003_06; grey polygon shown by red and blue thin outlines) has been identifed as the best analogy to a selected fragment
(C05_075_04; red and blue thick outlines) within the database containing 358 complete vessels (J. Wilczek).
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