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VIII/1/2017
INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICA
NATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY
homepage: http://www.iansa.eu
A look at the region
Hic sunt leones?
The Morava Valley Region During the Early Middle Ages:
The Bilateral Mobility Project between Slovakia and Austria
Mária Hajnalová
a*
, Stefan Eichert
b
, Jakub Tamaškovič
a
, Nina Brundke
b
, Judith Benedix
b
,
Noémi Beljak Pažinová
a
, Dominik Repka
a
a
Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Štefánikova 67, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
b
Department of Prehistory and Historical Archaeology
,
Faculty of Historical and Cultural Studies at the University of Vienna,
Franz-Klein-Gasse 1, 1190 Wien, Austria
1. Introduction
“
Hic sunt leones
” is a two-year bilateral mobility project
for the years 2016–2017 between the University of Vienna,
Institute of Prehistory and Historical Archaeology (principal
investigator Stefan Eichert) and the Constantine the
Philosopher University in Nitra, Department of Archaeology
in the Faculty of Arts (principal investigator Mária Hajnalová).
The project aims to investigate the historical development
of the border region between Austria and Slovakia during
the Early Middle Ages, a time period from the sixth century
AD to the eleventh century AD. Scientifcally, the goal is
to create a homogenous state of the art research milieu that
scholars from both countries will beneft from.
2. State of research
Archaeological research in southwest Slovakia and northeast
Austria has resulted in several publications concerned
with the cultural and historical developments of the early
medieval period, but all are based on data almost exclusively
either from Slovakia or from Austria (
cf.
Bednár 2001;
2013; Fusek 2008; Herold 2007; 2010, 153–166; Justová
1990; Pollak 2009; Repka 2011; Ruttkay 1996; Ruttkay
2006; Wawruschka 2009) and almost never geared toward
transregional comparison or data correlation. A closer look
at the available scholarly information shows that the social
and cultural history, palaeoeconomy and paleoecology of the
Lower Morava valley region remain a “
terra incognita
”.
Until the early 1990s, research was strongly limited by
the historical geo-political divides in the region. Cooperation
across the Iron Curtain was barely possible. Unfortunately,
despite the much more favourable political climate, the
situation has not changed much since 1989. As a result,
archaeological sites have been researched using diferent
approaches and methodologies. They are described and
evaluated employing diferent chronological and typological
terminologies on both banks of the lower course of the
Morava River.
Furthermore, our present knowledge is heavily biased by
the long-standing focus on fortifed “central” settlements
to the neglect of much commoner, smaller, rural locales
Volume VIII ● Issue 1/2017 ● Pages 99–104
*Corresponding author. E-mail: mhajnalova@ukf.sk
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received: 25
th
January 2017
Accepted: 20
th
June 2017
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.24916/iansa.2017.1.7
Key words:
bilateral project
Early Medieval Period
Slovakia
Austria
cross-border cooperation
ABSTRACT
Cross-border cooperation is very important for understanding the cultural-historical development of
the border regions of modern day states. These areas, today, are often considered as “peripheries”.
However, in the past they usually had a very diferent function and status. This article introduces
one bilateral mobility project between the archaeological departments at the University of Vienna
and the Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, aimed at facilitating more focused early
medieval archaeological research in the region along the lower stretches of the Morava River. The
article introduces the region, its history and state of research and describes the role of the project, the
team and the project results obtained up to date.
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Mária Hajnalová, Stefan Eichert, Jakub Tamaškovič, Nina Brundke, Judith Benedix, Noémi Beljak Pažinová, Dominik Repka: Hic sunt leones?
The Morava Valley Region During the Early Middle Ages: The Bilateral Mobility Project between Slovakia and Austria
100
(
cf.
Herold 2011; 2012; 2016; Henning, Ruttkay 1998;
2011; Macháček 2013; Ruttkay 2012; 2015). For these and
other reasons, the cultural landscape and the early medieval
settlement structure of the lower Morava River have never
been researched as a single entity – a complex system
consisting of various types of settlements and burial grounds.
3. The region under study
Geographically, the studied area belongs to the Vienna Basin.
The central axis is formed by the lower course of the Morava
River. In Slovakia, the area covers the southern part of the
Záhorie region (Bor Lowlands) – the territory between the river
and the Lower Carpathians, delimited by the Myjava River to
the north and the area of Bratislava to the south. In Austria, it
covers the adjacent parts of the Marchfeld (Figure 1).
While the region’s medieval material culture (
e.g.
ceramics
and metal fnds) is relatively uniform on both sides of the
river, the natural environment difers. The lower elevations
in both countries are covered by the level foodplains of
the Morava River and its tributaries. The elevated, upland
areas in Austria represent the stable loess hills of the rolling
landscape of Weinwiertel. In Slovakia, almost half of the
study region is covered by unstable dunes of eolithic sands
(Fordinál 2012; Kalivodová
et al.
2008, 10) that form a
highly specifc and unique environment. These diferences
in geology are mirrored in diferent soil types and vegetation.
4. A brief history of the region
In the sixth and seventh century AD, Slavs settled and
established new communities on the territory of what is now
the Austrian, Slovakian and Moravian side of the Morava
River (Fusek 2013; Fusek, Zábojník 2003). In the vicinity
of Bratislava, in the southern part of the study region, there
is a strong evidence for probably peaceful interactions
between Slavs and Avars (Bialeková, Zábojník 1996;
Herold 2010; 2014; Winter 1997; Zábojník 1989; 2009).
Further to the west and north along the Morava River, the
evidence for Avaric infuence declines (Zábojník 1999).
At the beginning and frst half of the eighth century AD,
the dichotomy between the development of the areas east
and west of the Morava River seems to have grown. The
eastern part (now in Slovakia) most probably fell under the
political infuence of the Moravian Principality (Ruttkay
2008, 269–270), while the western part (now in Austria)
was gradually incorporated into the realm of Emperor
Charlemagne. He used the Danube River and adjacent lands
as a route and base for his military expeditions against the
Avars (Zábojník 2009, 10–13).
Later, during the late eighth and start of the ninth century
AD, the area on both sides of the river seems to have
transformed into a bufer zone between the Carolingian
Empire, the Moravian Principality and the Principality
of Nitra. After the principalities of Moravia and Nitra
merged in the ninth century with the conquest of Mojmír
I in the Moravian Empire, the region became a contact
and, at the same time, a frontier zone of the Carolingian
Empire. The life of the people living here in those times
was most probably strongly infuenced by several military
conficts that lasted for over half a century (Musilová 2012;
Steinhübel 2012a, 310–312).
At the beginning of the tenth century, the area witnessed
the collapse of the Great Moravian Empire and the
raids from tribes of “Old Hungarians” (Révész 2014;
Vavruš 2008; Staššíková–Štukovská 2008). During the
Figure 1.
The study region in the
Marchfeld – Záhorie area. 1. Oberleiserberg,
2. Michelstetten, 3. Hohenau, 4. Devínska
Nová Ves – Nad Lomom, 5. Devínska Nová
Ves – Na Pieskach, 6. Bratislava – Devín,
7. Bratislava – Hradný vrch; small dots –
other early medieval sites with information
available in published sources.
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IANSA 2017 ● VIII/1 ● 99–104
Mária Hajnalová, Stefan Eichert, Jakub Tamaškovič, Nina Brundke, Judith Benedix, Noémi Beljak Pažinová, Dominik Repka: Hic sunt leones?
The Morava Valley Region During the Early Middle Ages: The Bilateral Mobility Project between Slovakia and Austria
101
frst decades of the tenth century and up to the eleventh
century, the western side of the Morava River (today in
Austria) transformed into a border/bufer zone between
the newly-arriving Hungarians and the already, by then,
“autochthonous” Slavic populations (Štefanovičová 2008,
139–146). Life in the region of Bratislava seems to have
continued without interruption and with no indication in
the archaeological evidence of any catastrophic events
(Goldberg 2004; Štefanovičová 2012, 336). Bratislava
became a political centre and the seat of a “
comitatus
” of
the Hungarian kingdom (Steinhübel 2012b). The situation
was very diferent north-west of Bratislava. The region at
the confuence of the Morava and Dyje Rivers (March/
Thaya) and central Moravia witnessed a discontinuity in
development. The collapse of the Great Moravian central
sites is manifested in the archaeological record (Kouřil
2008; Macháček, Wihoda 2013; Štefan 2011, 344–348).
Later, during the eleventh century, the region developed
into a zone of interaction between Přemyslid Moravia,
Árpád Hungary and the Babenberg March.
During the frst decades of the eleventh century, the
region of Bratislava fell under the control of the kingdom
of Poland (Steinhübel 2012b, 363). From the middle of
the eleventh to the thirteenth century, the Záhorie Region
literally turned into a “no man’s land”. It was purposely
depopulated, and the area known as a “
confnium
” again
served as a “bufer zone” between territory of the Árpád
dynasty and its neighbours (
cf.
Hladík 2014, 61; Janšák
1960).
Due to the absence of
focused
archaeological research
in this study region, it remains unclear on what scale, and
how much, the historical events described above and the
diferences in the natural environment east and west of the
Morava River have infuenced the life of the people, their
settlement and subsistence strategies.
5. The project role, aims and goals
The main role of the project is to fnd the most efective
ways and methods to enable researchers to use and visualise
the majority of the already-existing archaeological and
environmental data which would help to minimise the
existing biases.
This goal is being achieved by collecting as much
data as possible from archaeological sites and “fnd-
spots”, describing and classifying them using a common
terminology and chronology as well as organizing and
storing them together in a single database.
The plan is that the collected data will be released as open
data and made available for a wider audience, even after
the project has reached completion. As such, scholars will
be able to carry out multiple, joint cross-border analyses
which to date has not been possible. Among other things,
after the transformation of cross-regional data to formats
more suitable for statistical analyses, GIS (
cf.
Demján,
Dreslerová 2016; Dresler, Macháček 2013; Hladík 2014,
72–110; Kamermans
et al.
2009; Lieskovský
et al.
2013;
Verhagen, Whitley 2012; Verhagen
et al.
2013; Verhagen
et al.
2016) and agent-based modelling (Danielisová,
Štekerová 2015; Wurzer
et al.
2015), it will be possible
to draw a more realistic picture of the cultural-historical
and economic development of the area along the lower
stretches of the Morava/March River during the period
from the sixth to the eleventh century AD.
6. Project team
At present, the team is formed by six young researchers
(Doctoral and Master students): Jakub Tamaškovič from
Nitra, Nina Brundke, Judith Benedix, Edith Nechansky and
Karin Kühtreiber from Vienna, two university lecturers:
Stefan Eichert from Vienna and Dominik Repka from
Nitra and fnaly two associate professors Noémi Beljak
Pažinová and Mária Hajnalová from Nitra. Their research
specialisations are supplementary, but also partly overlap.
Edith Nechansky specialises in pottery analyses and Karin
Kühtreiber in settlement archaeology and the archaeology
of medieval castles. Dominik Repka specialises in
pottery analyses and in the archaeology of medieval
nobility seats. Nina Brundke is an osteoarchaeologist and
palaeopathologist, and Judith Benedix is an archaeologist
and anthropologist. Jakub Tamaškovič is a feld excavator
and uses correlations between various types of geographical
(soils, geomorphology, vegetation,
etc.
), ecological
(vegetation, water availability), and archaeological data in
GIS as a tool for the study of past settlement patterns and
land-use strategies. Mária Hajnalová is an archaeobotanist
and palaeoecologist. Noémi Beljak Pažinová specialises
in archaeological methodology, and Stefan Eichert is an
expert on database design and digital humanities.
Travel expenses to the partner universities, where topic
oriented round tables and workshops were organized by
the project partners, were funded by this project. More
details on the project and each team member can be found
at the project website:
http://homepage.univie.ac.at/stefan.
eichert/gkn/index.php/themen/hicsuntleones
.
7. Cooperation
The project members are involved in other programmes
that investigate the role of the “border region” along
the Morava River valley and other local early medieval
realia
. This is on the Austrian side the FWF and GAČR
funded international project “Frontier, Contact Zone or No
Man’s Land?” (I 1911, G21; Principal investigator Stefan
Eichert, University of Vienna and Jiří Macháček, Masaryk
University, Brno; see also http://homepage.univie.ac.at/
stefan.eichert/gkn). In addition, there is a cooperation with
members of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy
of Sciences of Czechia regarding the fortifed settlement of
Mikulčice and its hinterland (Marek Hladík).
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IANSA 2017 ● VIII/1 ● 99–104
Mária Hajnalová, Stefan Eichert, Jakub Tamaškovič, Nina Brundke, Judith Benedix, Noémi Beljak Pažinová, Dominik Repka: Hic sunt leones?
The Morava Valley Region During the Early Middle Ages: The Bilateral Mobility Project between Slovakia and Austria
102
8. Project results up to date
The project is still on-going and it is at the half-way point.
The originally expected results of the project scheme – the
consolidation of scientifc networks and dissemination of
existing knowledge – were successfully met in the frst year.
In addition, exchange visits were used to produce tangible
scientifc results.
Firstly, after consulting material culture data during the
workshops, we have established a common terminology
for the classifcation and categorization of archaeological
sites, features and fnds – as well as for their attributes. One
of the frst results is an English language thesaurus that is
structured hierarchically. The parent-child relationships
between categories allow for a high compatibility on the top
levels of classifcation and at the same time for individualised
specifcations on a detailed level (Figure 2).
Secondly, we have negotiated a common chronological
scheme, applicable to both regions and compatible with the
scheme used in the Czech Republic – the third country in
the lower Morava River region. Each country in the region
uses its own national “system”. Often the time periods are
defned by ethnic or political labels such as “Late Avar
Period” or “Hungarian Kingdom”. However the ethnic and
political situation in the three neighbouring countries was not
homogenous during the Middle Ages and the chronological
schemes often aim only at a single region or population.
We have thus focused on “neutral timespans” that, in the
next step, can be correlated with national chronologies (for
up to date chronological schemes see: Eisner 1966; Fusek,
Zábojník 2003; Zábojník 2009; Hanuliak 2004; Stadler
2005).
Thirdly, the common regional terminology and
chronological scheme are being used within the project as a
basic tool for the efective synchronization and arrangement
of the Early Medieval archaeological data and material
culture from the region. With these conceptual foundations
we have begun to record our data in a common database using
the Open Atlas system (Eichert 2014; http://openatlas.eu
).
The common data model is based on the CIDOC-CRM, an
established conceptual reference model especially developed
for cultural heritage documentation (
http://www.cidoc-crm.
org/). Within this framework we use hierarchically-organized
types to classify our data.
Fourthly, we have ascertained that the open environmental
data on soils, geomorphology, hydrology,
etc.
, available in
Austria (www.data.gv.at
) are not sufciently detailed for
a GIS analysis of the relationship between settlement and
environment and that environmental data of much higher
detailed resolution have to be obtained (Tamaškovič
et al.
2017).
Fifthly, the team has begun a collaboration with the
international project “Digitizing Patterns of Power”
(
http://dpp.oeaw.ac.at
)
for which we are preparing (the
work being still in progress) an open access environment
for communicating various types of archaeological and
historical data from the region under study. Lastly, but by no
means the least, data are being put into and stored in digital
layers, permitting their analysis using various methods and
their visualisation for a wider (not only scholarly) audience.
Acknowledgments
This project is funded by the Slovak Research and
Development Agency (SRDA), project no.
SK-AT-2015-0012, and the OeAD (Austrian agency for
international mobility and cooperation in education,
science and research), project na SK 05/2016.
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