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VII/2/2016
InterdIscIplInarIa archaeologIca
natural scIences In archaeology
homepage: http://www.iansa.eu
Traces of Dissection on Human Skeletal Remains of the First Half
of 19
th
Century from Ostrava, Czech Republic
Michal Živný
a*
, Zbyněk Moravec
b
a
Department of Biology and Ecology , Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chitussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
b
Ostrava Museum, Masarykovo náměstí 1, 728 41 Ostrava, Czech Republic
1. Introduction
In 2007 a rescue archaeological excavation in Puchmajerova
Street, Ostrava, Czech Republic, was realized in connection
with reconstruction work on underground utilities. The
excavation resulted in the unearthing of circa 40 graves
which date back to the Early Modern Period. The cemetery
was founded in 1586 (as a solution to the increased mortality
due to the plague epidemic) and was used until 1843 (or
1852). Between 1785 and 1843 it was the main burial
ground for the inhabitants of Moravská Ostrava and some
afliated villages. Within the cemetery area, St. Luke’s
chapel was built in the last phase of the cemetery’s existence,
the chapel surviving the abolition of the cemetery by nearly
half a century. The excavated skeletal material was exhumed
and studied by anthropologists. The major results of this
archaeological and anthropological research have already
been published (Moravcová
et al.
2015; Moravec
et al.
2014;
Živný
et al.
2011).
The conclusions reached by the evaluation of the
archaeological fndings fully correspond with our knowledge
of burial rites in the Early Modern Period – the cemetery
represents a typical Post-Medieval burial ground and is
comparable with dozens of parallel examples in Moravia
and neighbouring regions (Králíková 2007; Rubinková
1999; Unger 2006). Thorough standard “traditional”
anthropological research of the human skeletal remains
revealed no extraordinary outcomes concerning the
demographic characteristics of the population. Nevertheless,
a revision of the anthropological examination of the individual
in grave number 841 has brought some quite unique fndings
relating to cause of death, which has proved to be a key point
for the further research undertaken. With few exceptions
(rulers, generals, clerics,
etc.
), the dead buried in graves in
past centuries are fully anonymous persons whose lives we
may only get to know partially and indirectly by means of
archaeological and anthropological (or other natural-science-
based) research. As we shall see, the skeleton exhumed from
grave number 841 is one of those exceptions. Based on the
interplay of several coincidences, it has been possible to
Volume VII ● Issue 2/2016 ● Pages 197–205
*Corresponding author. E-mail: michal.zivny@osu.cz
ARtiClE inFO
Article history:
Received: 1
st
December 2016
Accepted: 28
th
December 2016
Key words:
Ostrava
graves
human skeletal remains
archaeology
anthropology
archives
Early Modern Times
dissection
ABStRACt
Rescue archaeological excavation in Puchmajerova Street, Ostrava, Czech Republic, has resulted in
the discovery of approximately 40 graves dating back to the Early Modern Period. One of the graves,
number 841, connected with the last stage of the cemetery’s existence, has provided human bones
in a very poor state of preservation. These have been anthropologically analysed and subsequently
interpreted as the remains of a woman who died in her young adult life (20–25 years). The skeleton
number 841 shows traces of dissection-like intervention in the right parietal bone and squama of the
frontal bone, which has proved to be a key factor for subsequent investigations. Based on archaeological
fndings (the dating and grave inventory), anthropological assessment (sex, age and dissection traces),
and written sources (registers of deaths), we have been able to identify this skeleton as the remains of
the Ostrava burgher Marianna Máchová (1817–1837), who committed suicide in 1837.
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identify the skeleton with a known person, and subsequently
to look deeper into her life by means of the available written
sources. Thus the skeletal remains from grave number 841
play a major role in this paper. The primary goal is to refer
to the rare and unusual archaeological fnd of a postmortem
invasion into the skull. The identifcation of the skeletal
remains with a real historical person who has provided
recorded information on the said postmortem manipulation
is regarded as proof as to the correctness of our observations.
2. Material and methods
2.1 Archaeological background
Grave number 841 was situated in the very latest (most
recent) group of burials at our cemetery. It is dated back to
the period 1785–1843 and, in agreement with the funeral
practices of that times, it was placed in a single line. The
eastern (or lower) half of the grave (and skeletal remains) did
not still exist at the time of our archaeological excavation,
having been already removed by earlier building activities on
the cemetery site. Thus only the western (or upper) half of the
grave had been preserved for subsequent research (Figure 1).
The grave was oriented in a NW–SE direction. There were
poorly preserved human skeletal remains in a stretched supine
position in the grave pit, with the upper extremities bent at the
elbow joints and hands laid on the chest. Furthermore, the
remains of a wooden cofn were detected around the skeleton
(Moravec
et al.
2014, 68–69). In contrast to the condition
of the skeletal remains themselves, these wooden residues
represent the best preserved cofn remnants at our cemetery.
The cofn was originally closed by iron nails and was
Figure 1.
Skeleton number 841: feld
excavation. Taken from Moravec
et al.
2014.
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probably inlaid by textiles (Moravcová
et al.
2015, 285). The
grave goods consisted of two items of a devotional character
(crosses, one on the chest, the other in the palm of the hand,
presumably), which represent very common components of
Early Modern Period graves (Králíková 2007; Moravcová
et al.
2015, 285–287; Rubinková 1999). The objects of the
grave’s inventory and other aspects of the burial rites do not
predict the biological features of the deceased (
e.g.
gender),
but do indicate higher social status.
2.2 State of preservation
The skeletal remains in grave number 841 have been preserved
poorly overall, both in quantity and quality. We only have
around 15–20% of the bone mass of the entire skeleton
(Figure 2). All preserved bones (or fragments thereof) were
found in their normal anatomical position. The upper half
Figure 2.
Skeleton number 841: depiction of available parts. Drawn by Michal Živný. Chart made by University of Göttingen (Zentrum Anatomie,
M. Schultz).
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Century from Ostrava, Czech Republic
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of the body (especially the trunk) was strongly afected by
post-depositional taphonomic processes (probably due to
decaying wood from the cofn remnants), which resulted in
almost the complete disintegration of the spine (vertebrae)
and chest bones (ribs), the disappearance of most of the skull,
and the partial disturbance of the bones of upper extremities.
The lower half of the body (lumbar and sacral spine and
lower extremities) was fully damaged and removed by earlier
building activity in the area of the former cemetery during the
20
th
century.
2.3 Brief summary of preserved bones
2.3.1 Trunk skeleton
Only around 1% of bone volume has been preserved in the
case of trunk bones (only a few tiny fragments of ribs and
vertebrae are available).
2.3.2 Skull
In the case of the cranium (excluding lower jawbone), around
30–40% of bone mass has been preserved. Despite this, the
surviving parts of the skull provide a very important source
of information concerning the anthropological features of
the skeleton. In the neurocranium, remnants of cranial vault
bones in particular are available, while bones of the skull
base have been preserved only slightly. We have a large part
of the right parietal bone, part of the
squama
,
pars petrosa
,
pars tympanica
and a complete
processus mastoideus
of the
right temporal bone, a
pars petrosa
of the left temporal bone,
a few fragments of the frontal and occipital bones, and a
few tiny fragments of hardly classifable cranial vault bones.
As regards the facial skeleton, only two fragments of upper
jawbones (to the extent of alveolar arches) and parts of both
cheek bones are available.
2.3.3 Lower jawbone
The lower jawbone has been preserved in the form of a
larger fragment comprising around 70% of its bone mass.
This fragment contains a part of the corpus and
ramus dexter
(with incompletely preserved both coronoid and articular
processes).
2.3.4 Teeth
In addition, we have almost all the permanent teeth of both
jawbones available, excluding the third molars. Only the
right and left upper frst molars were still fxed in the tooth
alveols, other teeth had already fallen out (postmortem) by
the time of exhumation.
2.3.5 Right upper extremity
This part of the body has been preserved to the extent of
around 60–70% of bone mass volume. The following bones
and their fragments are available:
•
clavicula
: approximately 80% of the bone mass (body
without sternal and acromial end),
•
scapula
: approximately 5–10% of the bone mass (area
of attachment of
spina scapulae
),
•
humerus
: approximately 80% of the bone mass
(diaphysis proximally broken of in area of
collum
chirurgicum
and distally under the point of the
shortest circumference; neither of the epiphyses were
available),
•
radius:
approximately 80% of the bone mass
(diaphysis proximally broken of in area of
collum
radii
and distally slightly above the connection point
with the distal epiphysis; neither of the epiphyses were
available),
•
ulna:
about 60% of the bone mass (diaphysis
proximally broken of at level of
incisura trochlearis
)
and distally slightly below the midpoint of the bone;
neither of the epiphyses were available),
•
ossa manus:
three metacarpal bone fragments.
2.3.6 Left upper extremity
This has also been preserved to the extent of around 60–
70% of bone mass volume. The following bones and their
fragments are available:
•
clavicula:
approximately 10% of the bone mass (small
portion close to the acromial end),
•
humerus:
approximately 80% of the bone mass
(diaphysis proximally broken of in area of
collum
chirurgicum
; distally an accreted portion of the
epiphysis with part of
trochlea
has been preserved; the
proximal epiphysis was not available),
•
radius:
approximately 90% of the bone mass
(2 fragments – diaphysis proximally broken of in area
of
collum radii
and part of the distal portion of the
diaphysis with accreted epiphysis with carpal articular
surface; the proximal epiphysis were not available),
•
ulna:
approximately 90% of the bone mass (2 fragments
– diaphysis proximally broken of in area of
incisura
trochlearis
and
olecranon
and part of the distal portion
of the diaphysis with accreted epiphysis),
•
ossa manus:
four carpal bones (
os scaphoideum
,
os
lunatum
,
os capitatum
and
os hamatum
) and all fve
almost complete metacarpal bones.
2.4 Methods of anthropological assessment
Human skeletal remains from grave number 841 underwent
laboratory treatment and subsequent anthropological
examination, which comprised of osteometric analysis,
assessment of sex as well as age at death, estimation of
body height and, subsequently, description of peculiarities
and their interpretation in the context of archaeological
observations and historical sources. The state of preservation
of the skeletal remains prevented an extensive metric
analysis of the bones. The skull is completely immeasurable
(it was not possible to reconstruct it in terms of preserved
fragments). Only the long bones of the upper extremities,
owing to their relatively favourable state of preservation,
have provided several signifcant osteometric results, which
could be used for the assessment of sex and body height.
Basic anthropological characteristics, such as sex and age,
have been researched using standard macroscopic procedures
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th
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201
of skeletal anthropology (summarized, for example, in
Buikstra, Ubelaker 1994; Stloukal 1999). Methods used for
particular steps of the anthropological determination are
specifed in the relevant chapters. In spite of the available
bones being in such an unsatisfactory state, an attempt to
identify the skeletal remains with a specifc historical fgure
was carried out. In order to enhance the plausibility of the
anthropological results needed for the drawing of persuasive
conclusions, the results of the anthropological analysis are
described in depth in the following.
3. Results
3.1 Assessment of sex
Despite the poor preservation of the skeleton as a whole
and the absence of pelvic bones, an assessment of the
individual’s sex was carried out with relatively highly
reliable results. Sex assessment was based on an evaluation
of sexually-dimorphic traits in several well-preserved bones
of the skull and upper extremities both by morphoscopic and
morphometric procedures.
3.1.1 Morphoscopic assessment of the skull
For sex diagnosis of the skull, a morphoscopic evaluation
according to Acsádi, Nemeskéri (1970) was carried out.
Because of the considerably incomplete state of preservation
of the skull (only a few bone fragments available), it was
not possible to employ quantifcation of morphoscopic traits
in our analysis. We based our assessment only on several
separate sexually dimorphic traits without the possibility of a
complete and contextual assessment of the skull as a whole.
Processus mastoideus
of the right temporal bone is very small
and shows feminine or hyper-feminine development. The
lower jawbone, too, is small and gracile – again providing the
conclusion for an assignment as feminine or hyper-feminine.
Thus both these traits demonstrate the female sex of our
individual with a high degree of reliability. Moreover, we
could also evaluate the area of the
protuberantia occipitalis
externa
and part of the
planum nuchale
on the preserved
fragment of occipital bone, which, on the one hand, seems
to be relatively robust, but, on the other, has a quite smooth
surface, lacking any emphasized muscle insertions. However,
because only the partially preserved occipital bone was
available, it is not possible to use this for the purpose of sex
assessment without some contextual evaluation of the rest of
the skull; the bone itself does not disprove the unambiguous
feminine classifcation of the skull.
3.1.2 Morphometric assessment of the arm bones
The arm bones were examined using morphometric methods
(Černý 1971; Černý, Komenda 1980). A female (or hyper-
feminine) sex assignment is obvious due to the visually
apparent small size and overall conspicuous gracility of the
bones. Using the arm bones we obtained the most important
data. Despite the incomplete preservation of the left
humerus
, a fairly accurate estimation of its original length
could be assessed. The maximum length of the left
humerus
(H1) reaches approximately 275–285 mm. The output from
the determination procedure indicates a feminine or hyper-
feminine character for this trait. Because of the missing
epiphyses (or epiphyseal ends), neither of the arm bones could
be used for sex diagnosis based on evaluation of robusticity
traits such as dimensions (diameters and/or circumferences)
of their heads (measures H8, H9 and H10), which would
possibly provide more reliable outputs than the linear
dimensions. Nevertheless, in the case of the left
humerus
the midpoint of the diaphysis could be defned; its largest
diameter (H5) measures 17.5 mm and the narrowest diameter
(H6) 14.0 mm. The smallest circumference of the diaphysis
(H7) reaches 47 mm. In the case of the right humerus, an
independent estimate of its biggest length (and thus the
defnition of its midpoint and diameters of the diaphysis)
would be imprecise, but it was possible to determine the
smallest circumference of the diaphysis (H7) which reaches
a measure of 49 mm. These values signifcantly indicate the
hyper-feminine character of the arm bones.
The authors of the aforesaid methods introduced a
procedure for sex assessment using a collection of Czech
skeletal material from the 1930s, which is about a century
more recent than the skeleton from grave number 841.
Therefore we can assume that the dimensions of arm bones
in the authors’ collection were afected by the infuence of
the secular trend. However, it did not reach such a rapid
rate as later during the 20
th
century (see Vignerová, Bláha
1998; Vignerová
et al.
2006), so our values showing hyper-
feminine metric traits can be considered as very reliable for
determination of the individual from grave number 841 and
its classifcation to a female sex category.
3.1.3 Summary of the sex assessment
All applicable methods for sex assessment strongly support
the conclusion that the sex of the individual from grave
number 841 is female with a high degree of reliability. In spite
of the poor state of the skeletal remains, we can regard this
conclusion as fully applicable for historical interpretations.
3.2 Assessment of age at death
The individual in grave number 841 died as an adult, as
evidenced by the erupted permanent teeth and fnished fusion
of diaphyses and distal epiphyses of the forearm bones. As
is known, a more accurate assessment of the age at death of
adults is signifcantly complicated or precluded, especially
above the age of 25 (Brůžek 2008; Piontek, Weber 1990),
even in cases of more completely preserved skeletons. As
mentioned above, our individual was exhumed in a poor
state of preservation – both in its quantitative and qualitative
aspects. In spite of the skeleton’s poor condition, as in the
sex assessment some preserved bone fragments allow us to
achieve relatively accurate results for age assessment.
3.2.1 Dental wear
Our dental sample consists of well preserved permanent teeth
coming from both sides of the upper and lower jawbones.
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th
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The state of the teeth thus enables an evaluation of their
wear within a context of complex dentition, as pictured in
the methodology by Lovejoy (1985). As a matter of fact, the
lack of or very slight dental wear of the teeth of our skeleton
gives evidence for a lower age category in terms of adult age,
within a range of approximately 15–25 years.
3.2.2 Suture obliteration
The cranial vault bones were available only as smaller or
larger fragments in our skeletal sample, making it impossible
to assess the state of suture obliteration in the skull as a
whole (see Linc 1971; Meindl, Lovejoy 1985). Although
some small residues of preserved sutures (
e.g.
sutura
parietomastoidea
, a tiny section of
sutura lambdoidea
,
and short fragments of
sutura coronalis
) show no traces of
obliteration, indicating a relatively lower age, this fnding is
limited due to the impossibility of assessing the complete
cranial vault; rather, they are usable only in support of the
other results of age assessment.
3.2.3 Skeleton maturation
The most important evidence for the inclusion of our skeleton
as being in the youngest stage of adulthood is the persistent
and clearly visible line resulting from the fnished fusion of
the diaphysis and distal epiphysis of the left
ulna
and left
radius
. In our experience, ossifcation lines as a result of
diaphyseal-epiphyseal (or diaphyseal-apophyseal) fusion
tend to be conspicuouosly visible for a few more years after
the termination of growth plate ossifcation. Either way,
the complex fusion occurs at the end of juvenile or start of
adult age. According to Krogman and Iscan (Krogman, Iscan
1986) and other authors, in the case of forearm bones, the
beginning of ossifcation of the distal growth plate occurs
at the age of 18–19 years and complete amalgamation and
maturation of the
ulna
comes after the 20
th
year of life.
According to Stewart (1979) and Schwartz (1995), in the
case of the
radius
, the complete fusion of the diaphysis and
distal epiphysis occurs in adults aged over 20 years (most
frequently 20–23 years), and a bit later, at an age of just
under 25 years, in the case of the
ulna
.
3.2.4 Summary of the age assessment
Based on the partial results mentioned above, we can
conclude that the skeleton from grave number 841 belongs
to that of an adult who died in the youngest phase of adult
life (adultus I), at the age of ±20 years, or within the category
of 20–25 years.
3.3 Assessment of body height
Body height has been assessed using the estimated length
of the left humerus (275–285 mm, see above). According
to the Sjøvold equations (Sjøvold 1990), the body height
of our individual falls within the range 146–151 cm. The
equations of Bach (Bach 1965) resulted in slightly higher
values, within 152–159 cm. Using the equations of Černý
and Komenda (Černý, Komenda 1982) brings a value of
146–150 cm. All these outputs work with an accuracy of ±
4–5 cm. The frst-mentioned approach is independent of the
sex of the skeletal remains, whereas the latter two methods
work from the premise that our skeleton is of female sex (see
above). Most frequently, the complex results of the aforesaid
methods range between 146 and 159 cm. By today’s
standards – paying regard to the sex of our individual – such
values have to be categorized as below-average stature (the
average adult body height of contemporary women in the
Czech Republic is approx. 167 cm). Given the context of
the frst half of the 19
th
century, our result falls within the
values of medium-height or slightly under-medium-height
(classifcation by Martin, Saller 1957).
3.4 Artifcial interventions on the skull
The available fragments of the skeleton from grave
number 841 show both direct and indirect manifestations
of pathological processes, some of which appear to be
crucial for the reconstruction of our story. On the second
lower right molar we can observe an extensive and deep
caries in the occlusion surface of the crown. It is the only
direct pathological trait recorded on the skeletal and dental
remains. The most interesting “fnd” of our study has been
that revealed by the careful observation of several bones of
the cranial vault. The most important discoveries relate to the
three cranial fragments:
•
The frst crucial fragment (found as two fragments,
then linked together) is made up of part of the right
parietal bone (lower back portion with part of
sutura
lambdoidea
) loosely connected with the temporal bone
(an almost complete squama with a temporal portion
of zygomatic arch, an almost complete
processus
mastoideus
, tympanic part and petrous part). The
parietal and temporal bones are wedged together in a
short section of the
sutura parietomastoidea
. The upper
edge of this fragment, approximately 12–13 cm long,
is sharp and more or less fat and oriented horizontally
(Figure 3B).
•
The second fragment consists of the upper part of
the right parietal bone (without the portion adjacent
to the
sutura sagittalis
), whose lower edge (length
also approx. 12–13 cm), is also sharp and straight
(Figure 3A).
•
The third fragment is a part of the frontal bone from the
region of the
tuber frontale
(the side is unclear). The
upper part does not reach the
sutura coronalis
, whereas
the lower edge is sharp and straight (but more abraded
than in the case of the parietal bone) and is localized
between the
tuber frontale
and supraorbital ridge.
The frst and second-mentioned fragments (comprising
parts of the parietal and temporal bones) have emerged
as a consequence of an incision through the right parietal
bone. For this reason, both of these fragments are mutually
coherent, but they are not smoothly adjacent because of
the pressure and humidity of the earth during the bones’
deposition in the ground. The margins of the sharply-cut
edges do not show any traces of healing. We can interpret
the described incision across the right parietal bone as the
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th
Century from Ostrava, Czech Republic
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remnant of a postmortem intervention into the skull cavity
which has resulted in the complete division of the preserved
part of the parietal bone. Thus on the right side of the skull,
the skull has been cut through at some time after the death of
the individual by a section going through the parietal bone
from a region approximately 1 cm above the top point of the
sutura squamosa
, towards the region close to the lambda-
point (the occipital bone itself was not probably afected by
this section).
4. Discussion
In the above text we have outlined the issue of a possible
postmortem manipulation of the skeletal remains from grave
number 841. The most probable reason for such a type of
intervention is the dissection (autopsy) of the head brought
about by doubts concerning the death of the individual.
Head autopsy, or the opening up of the cranial cavity in
order to carry out a pathological inspection of the brain and
adjacent structures, usually starts with a cut going around
the skull top and the removal of the cranial vault at the
level of the parieto-temporal transition. The only part of our
skull with very obvious traces of such a procedure is just
the right parietal bone, which displays traces of dissection
throughout the whole preserved portion. However, because
the skull has remained in a fragmentary state of preservation,
it is not possible to observe the entire potential course of
the dissection; nevertheless, we can reasonably assume that
the dissection initially went across the entire circumference
of the cranial vault. As stated above, the third explored
fragment pertaining to the frontal bone with an abraded cut
edge represents another very probable dissection remnant
indicative of a circumcranial incision. Based on these traits,
it seems likely that the skull (head) of individual number 841
was subjected to an autopsy intervention.
Based on the aforesaid, we can conclude that the
anthropologically examined skeleton number 841 exhumed
at St. Luke’s cemetery in Moravská Ostrava dates back
to the period 1785–1843, belongs to a woman who died
aged approximately 20–25 years, and shows traces of
an artifcially-performed postmortem invasion into the
skull cavity. The cemetery in question is relatively recent
(Moravec
et al.
2014), so we can quite reasonably presume
that information concerning burials and the background
or causes of death of the people buried there would be
captured in written sources. Crucially, would we be able
to fnd whatever note refected the burial of our individual
number 841 and see if it contained any information about
the possible autopsy? Indeed, we did. By studying the
available registers of deaths and similar documents, we were
able to obtain important information concerning the deaths
and funerals of the citizens of Moravská Ostrava for the
frst half of the 19
th
century (Moravcová
et al.
2015; ACO
1–6). Among other things, we were also able to trace the
circumstances of the unclear death of a young girl (woman)
named Marianna Máchová, who died in 1837 and was buried
at St. Luke’s cemetery.
Figure 3.
Skeleton number 841: bone
fragments showing dissection traces (right
parietal and temporal bone). Taken and
adapted from Moravcová
et al.
2015.
0 5 cm
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th
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Marianna Máchová was born on 1
st
July 1817. Her parents
were Vincenc Mácha and Veronika Máchová. Marianna’s
father was born in a honourable family, his ancestors having
held important functions in the city council of Moravská
Ostrava since the 18
th
century. Marianna was the second
youngest child of 12 siblings, 11 of whom survived to
adulthood. While the life of Marianna Máchová was very
unexceptional, her death is shrouded in secrecy and doubt.
As mentioned in the written sources, Marianna died suddenly
on 23
rd
December 1837, aged 20 years, with shortness of
breath (asthma) and a brain stroke. The cause of her death
was investigated by a physician who treated her in her
last moments. About a week after her death, an important
note appeared in the ofcial documents concerning the
inheritance procedure – the cause of Marianna’s death was
specifed as suicide (ACO 1). The written sources, however,
say nothing more about the circumstances of such a death.
Although this is unimportant for our case, based on a more
detailed exploration of the archives, it seems that Marianna
Máchová succumbed to poisoning by arsenic. Such a form
of deadly intoxication is in accordance with the postmortem
observations specifed in the medical records and with other
available information regarding the cause of Marianna’s
death (Moravcová
et al.
2015; ACO 1; ACO 2).
The previous “story” suggests that the crucial point of our
case is the information that the cause of death of Marianna
Máchová was ascertained using cranial dissection. This was
carried out no later than 25
th
December 1837, as mentioned
in the archived medical report (ACO 1). One day after this
date, Marianna was buried at the cemetery at St. Luke’s
chapel (ACO 3). The autopsy of Marianna Máchová is the
oldest historically-documented intervention of this kind
from Moravská Ostrava, meaning that the use of autopsy
to uncover the cause of death was uncommon before that
time. The next two notifed autopsies in Ostrava followed in
1840 – the frst related to a 66 year-old man and the second
to an 18 year-old youth. Subsequent autopsies were realized
in 1847 and later in Ostrava (Moravcová
et al.
2015, 283;
ACO 4–6).
For all the above reasons, we can accept the working
hypothesis that the human skeleton in grave number 841
belongs to the remains of Marianna Máchová. First, in
accordance with the anthropological outcomes, the skeleton
represents the remains of a woman who died in a very
young phase of adult life (approximately 20–25 years) and
has evidence of some form of artifcial cut or dissection
intervention into the cranial vault bones. Second, according
to the register of deaths, the described grave dates back to
the third phase of the cemetery’s existence (defned as 1785–
1843) during which Marianna died. Third, the archaeological
circumstances indicate the heightened expense of the funeral
itself, which is also consistent with the archived records
regarding the burial costs (ACO 3). However, as previously
stated, at least two other historically-documented autopsies
were realized during the time of the cemetery’s existence at St.
Luke’s chapel (in 1840) in Moravská Ostrava. Nevertheless,
neither of the persons dissected in that year agrees with
the anthropological results of the sex and age assessment
of skeleton number 841. The subsequent historical records
concerning autopsies in Moravská Ostrava, starting from
1847, relate to a time when the cemetery at St. Luke’s chapel
no longer served as the primary and predominant place
for burial. It was used for only a few years more after the
establishment of the new cemetery in Moravská Ostrava,
and its burial activities became very sporadic and irregular
(Moravec
et al.
2014, 37).
5. Conclusions
The archaeological excavation in Puchmajerova street
in Ostrava, within the area of the former cemetery at St.
Luke’s chapel, has brought an unusual discovery concerning
a connection between some human skeletal remains
and the identity of a truely existing person. The most
interesting and crucial point of this context consists of the
sample of fragments of cranial vault bones belonging to
skeleton number 841, showing, in all likelihood, traces of a
postmortem dissection. By a process of elimination, based on
the results of our archaeological excavation, anthropological
fndings and archival sources, we can make a preliminary
conclusion that the remains of the skeleton in this grave
belong to the historically-recorded person named Marianna
Máchová (1817–1837), who died by murderering herself
(suicide) in unclear circumstances. All the evidence points
to the fact that this woman best fts with the anthropological
and archaeological observations. The historical records
regarding her life and death (including information about
the head autopsy) can be considered as important additional
proof of a correct interpretation of the cut-like traces found
on the skull.
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