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VII/1/2016
INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICA
NATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY
homepage: http://www.iansa.eu
An Investigation of Dental Health in the Migration Period:
A Case Study from Prague-Zličín, Czech Republic
Ivana Jarošová
a*
a
Labrys, o. p. s., Hloubětínská 16/11, 198 00 Praha 9, Czech Republic
1. Introduction
The study of a population’s state of health and overall ftness
are also items of interest to skeletal biologists. This paper
is a study made of the main dental aspects of a population
sample from the Migration period recovered from Prague-
Zličín in Central Bohemia. The aim was to capture the
changes inscribed in the dentition of this past population,
by which a partial reconstruction of the living conditions of
that time could be made, along with an assessment of the
dental health of studied individuals. To achieve this aim, the
study investigated three main signs of dental health or dental
diseases,
i.e.
caries, dental wear and enamel hypoplasia
(Aufderheide, Rodríguez-Martín 1998), through which it
is possible to reconstruct not only some aspects of the food
consumed, but also the state of health of the past population
by comparing these data with other chronologically and
geographically diferent series from the Czech Republic.
Dental caries (caries dentis) is an irreversible microbial
disease of the calcifed tissues of the teeth, characterized by
demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction
of the organic substance of the tooth, which often leads to
cavitation (Sivapathasundharam, Raghu 2012). An advanced
caries can lead to loss in vitality of dental pulp and fnally
to the loss of a tooth, or eventually to other pathological
Volume VII ● Issue 1/2016 ● Pages 33–54
*Corresponding author. E-mail: ivanajar@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received: 11
th
December 2015
Accepted: 1
st
August 2016
Key words:
Migration period
dental caries
pre-mortem tooth loss
dental enamel hypoplasia
dental wear
diet
ABSTRACT
In this study, 97 individuals from Prague-Zličín, in central Bohemia, Czech Republic, were scored
for basic dental features, including dental caries, prevalence of dental enamel hypoplasia (DEH), and
dental wear patterns, in order to discover basic characteristics of their diet, and the extent of non-
specifc stressors (
i.e.
indicators of metabolic and nutritional disruptions) during the Migration Period
(5
th
century AD). The sample is comprised of 18 subadults (0–14 year-old) and 79 adult individuals
over 15 years, with a total number of 1129 permanent and 111 deciduous teeth.
Values of caries intensity were 21.0 and its frequency 59.5. Higher values of caries intensity were
found in males (24.0) than in the female population (21.3). The most frequent type of dental caries was
found in the mesial and distal facets of the cemento-enamel junction and smooth surfaces of the crown
(64.1%), which may be connected with deteriorated oral hygiene in this series. The 9.8% of dental
caries located on the occlusal surface of the crown can be interpreted, together with the proven low
dental wear, as the existence of a softer diet during this Migration period than in the former Neolithic
period.
DEH was present at a high frequency (32.2% of all examined individuals), but nearly all of these
records of past stressors in childhood have only short-term acute forms in the way of lines or grooves.
Only one single case provided evidence for a chronic form of DEH. The timing of linear enamel
hypoplasia (LEH) studied in 13 individuals provides an assessment of the occurrence and frequency of
age when LEH formed. Overall anthropological analysis suggests a relative high number of indicators
of environmental stressors related to the prevalence of dental caries, pre-mortem tooth loss and the
prevalence scores of DEH.
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processes (Kilian
et al.
1999). The emergence of caries
depends on the susceptibility of dental tissues (constitutional
and genetic factors, sex, and age), the composition of oral
microfora (dental plaque microorganisms are cariogenic),
nutrition factors and time,
i.e.
the frequency and duration of
interaction, which is also closely related with oral hygiene
(Kilian
et al.
1999; Wotke 2001). The dependence of dental
cariosity on the food composition of historical populations
has been a topic treated by many authors (
e.g.
Lillie 1996;
Saunders
et al.
1997; Lingström, Borrman 1999). Palaeolithic
and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers show the lowest caries
rate; in Neolithic populations that began to settle down and
switch to an agricultural way of life, caries rates gradually
increased. This was connected with a transition to other types
of food, which, over the course of centuries, and in contrast
to preceding periods, contained more sugar; this food was
also more elaborately prepared and relieved of undesirable
ingredients such that the roughage content in food was
gradually reduced (Caselitz 1998, 205). Dental wear is the
loss of the dental surface due to external mechanical forces,
above all in connection with food. The degree of dental wear
depends not only on the coarseness of particles, but also
on the condition of dental surfaces, because particles stick
easier to a roughened surface than to a smooth one (Mair
et
al.
1996; Mair 1999). Further, there is also a peculiar form
of wear that is concentrated to one single tooth or a group of
teeth. This type of wear is mostly caused by objects coming
in contact with teeth, and these processes are designated
collectively as infuences due to an individual’s profession.
The deterioration of environmental factors can result in
a disturbed physiological balance – not only in individuals,
but also in the population as a whole. Once a person exposed
to a non-specifc stress exceeds their resistance threshold,
then their physiological balance can be disturbed, sometimes
resulting in a complete cascade of changes. This turnover
leads to the emergence of non-specifc stress markers (Harris
lines, dental enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia,
etc.
), which
can be subsequently observed on skeletal remains. The
impact of stress on a whole population is refected not only
in the ftness and physical efciency (reduced work efort) of
the decreased, but also in a diminished reproductive capacity
(increased abortion rate and reduced viability of newborns).
All these factors are refected in the disturbed socio-economic
balance of the entire population (Goodman, Armelagos
1989; Larsen 1997). Dental enamel hypoplasia examined in
individuals thus ofers valuable information on the state of
health and overall ftness of a population, and helps towards
the retrospective reconstruction of a population’s behaviour
and adaptation to the environment it occupies.
2. Material
Certain aspects of the archaeological burial ground from
the Migration period (5
th
century AD) have already been
published (Vávra
et al.
2008; Vávra
et al.
2012; Jiřík
et
al.
2015), but a comprehensive anthropological evaluation
is frst published in detail in this issue, even though some
partial studies concerning the evaluation of demographic
distribution and metrical characteristics were already
published (Víšková
et al.
2012; Horáková
et al.
2014;
Horáková, Jarošová 2015).
Out of the total number of 180 detected individuals, 97
(53.9%) could be studied for their dentition or jaws. The state
of dentition state could thus be evaluated in 18 subadults
(0–14 years) and 79 adults (15+ years) (Table 9), who
are further subdivided into sex and age categories. Of the
individuals from the remaining 83 burials (46.1%) that had
to be excluded from the dental health analysis: 9 individuals
were excluded due to their jaws with teeth being found in
poor condition or preserved only fragmentarily without the
possibility to assess at least tooth type (grave no. 11, 21, 28,
58, 130, 139, 140, 166, 177); and the remaining 74 detected
graves were excluded because of the absence of dental
remains in the skeletal parts, which were either completely
absent or preserved only fragmentarily without any tooth.
As comparative samples the following were used: two
Neolithic series from Moravia, consisting of 73 individuals
belonging to the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK 5700–4900
BC), and 21 to the Lengyel culture, well known in Moravia
as the Moravian Painted Pottery Culture (LgK 4700–4000
BC) (Jarošová, Dočkalová 2008); and an Early Middle Age
population from Dolní Věstonice – Na Pískách that included
893 individuals, localized in South Moravia and dated back to
the 9
th
–11
th
century AD (Jarošová 2007; Hrnčířová, Jarošová
2007; Jarošová
et al.
2012). All three comparative series are
localized in the Czech Republic about 250 kilometers from
the Prague-Zličín sample and were examined by the same
author using the unifed list of methods (see below).
3. Methods
The analyzed occurrence of caries and hypoplasia included
both individuals with deciduous teeth and those with
permanent teeth. The analysis of dental wear only included
adult individuals aged over 20 with permanent dentition. For
individuals from the Prague-Zličín series to be selected, the
presence of at least one intact tooth of whatever type was
demanded both in the maxillas and the mandible, no matter
if on the right or left side.
The state of preservation of teeth and jaws was assessed
using two indices – the comparative alveolar index (CAI)
and the comparative dental index (CDI). CAI is characterized
as a relation between the number of preserved alveoli and
the number of all burials multiplied by 32 [CAI=A/(n×32)],
and CDI is described as a relation between the number of
preserved erupted teeth, the number of teeth lost intravitam
(
i.e.
ante-mortem) and the number of all burials multiplied
by 32 [CDI=(Z+E)/(n×32)] (Hanáková, Stloukal 1966).
The presence or absence of caries (C) was evaluated
macroscopically. Upon the recommendation of Buikstra
and Ubelaker (1994), the type of caries was evaluated
macroscopically in both deciduous and permanent teeth,
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according to the numerical codes adapted by Moore and
Corbett (1971): 1 = occlusal surface caries; 2 = smooth
surface caries – interproximal (
i.e.
approximal) surfaces
(mesial and distal); 3 = smooth surface caries (buccal/
labial and lingual/vestibular surfaces); 4 = cervical caries –
interproximal (
i.e.
approximal) surfaces (mesial and distal);
5 = cervical caries (except interproximal surfaces); 6 = root
caries (below CEJ).
During the assessment of dental cariosity, consideration
should be given to particular age categories, since cariosity
increases with age. Thus subadults (0–14 yrs) with deciduous
and mixed dentition were separated from juvenile (15–19 yrs)
and adult individuals with permanent teeth, and in the fnal
evaluation the group of subadults was treated separately. In
the group of adults there were also juveniles included and this
group was further divided into four subcategories: 15–19 yrs,
20–35 yrs, 35–50 yrs and over 50 yrs. Our understanding
of the term “adult” is based on a consideration of an adult
individual primarily in terms of social status, not biological
status. This processing involved the data concerning healthy
teeth (T), carious teeth (C), teeth lost intravitam (
i.e.
pre-
mortem) (E) and post-mortem (P). If a pre-mortem tooth loss
occurred (E), such teeth were evaluated as carious (C), even
in the case that this loss possibly occurred due to other, as
yet indeterminable, reasons – loss caused by strong wear,
abscess, periodontal disease or trauma (Andrik, Müncnerová
1961). The teeth lost post-mortem (P) were not included in
the general evaluation of caries intensity and frequency. This
general evaluation was performed following the method
developed by Stloukal (Stloukal 1963). The abbreviations
used (Z, A, E, C, %C, n, nC, %nC, nE, %nE, nCE, %nCE,
I-CE, F-CE – for explanation see Table 1) were also adopted
from this method elaborated by Stloukal (1963) (for a detailed
description and relationships among the listed abbreviated
terms, see Stloukal 1963 or Jarošová, Dočkalová 2008).
The attrition rates for incisors, canines and premolars
were recorded according to an eight-point scale based on the
amount of exposed dentine (Smith 1984). Since the Smith
system shows only a poor level of discrimination when
attrition rates are moderate to low, Buikstra and Ubelaker
(1994) prefer the standards developed by Scott (1979) for
molars. In the Scott system, each molar occlusal surface is
divided into quadrants, and the amount of observable enamel
is scored on a scale from 4 to 40. If any of the quadrants was
not observable, then such a tooth was not recorded.
Dental enamel hypoplasia (DEH) can be defned, regarding
its emergence, as an evolutionary defect of the hard dental
tissues that are a refection of various non-specifc stress
indicators in recent, historical and palaeoanthropological
populations, and thus DEH ofers a unique record of the
stress sufered in childhood, which can be also subsequently
observed in the dentition of adult individuals. These
enamel defects can be interpreted as displays of nutritional
defciencies and infectious diseases (El-Najjar
et al.
1978;
Goodman 1998; Hodges, Wilkinson 1990; Lukacs 1992;
Goodman 1993; Malville 1997; Wright 1997). DEH was
examined on three tooth types (I1, I2, C). This selection
followed procedural considerations of, above all, Goodman
and Armelagos (1985), who have been quoted that, from
the morphogenetic point of view, chiefy the upper central
incisors and mandibular canines are the most sensitive to the
formation of hypoplasia.
Following types of hypoplasia were defned: 1. Teeth
with a degree of wear higher than 1/3 of the overall crown
Table 1.
Caries intensity (I-CE) in adults (15+ yrs) of analysed sample from Prague-Zličín according to sex [C, number of carious teeth; %C, caries
incidence (the percentage of decayed teeth from total number of preserved teeth); E, number of teeth lost pre-mortem; %E, the percentage of pre-mortem
losses; A, number of preserved dental alveoli]. Caries frequency (F-CE) in adults (15+ yrs) of analysed sample from Prague-Zličín according to sex [nC,
individuals with at least one caries; nE, individuals with at least one pre-mortem loss; nCE, individuals with both caries and pre-mortem losses].
Individuals (15+ yrs)MalesFemales ?All individuals
Number of examined teeth (n) 295479153927
C
19541689
%C 6.411.310.59.6
E71600131
A
4045961531153
%E17.610.1011.4
I-CE24.021.310.521.0
Number of examined individuals (N) 22302779
nE5207
%nE22.76.708.9
nC
58922
%nC 22.726.733.327.8
nCE612018
%nCE27.340.0022.8
intact 681832
% intact 27.326.766.740.5
F-CE72.773.333.359.5
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height; teeth with the presence of tartar and teeth with post-
mortal enamel defects were excluded from the analysis.
2. Afterwards, the presence or absence of dental enamel
hypoplasia was macroscopically examined on the labial
surface of each tooth. 3. In the case of dental enamel hypoplasia
being detected, the type of hypoplastic defect was determined
according to the DDE index: lines (FDI type 4: L-lines,
G-grooves); pits (FDI type 3: Ps-pits, Pl-pit line); and chronic
enamel hypoplasia (
i.e.
„pit patches“ and „continuous chronic
enamel hypoplasia“) (Santos, Coimbra 1999; Goodman
et al.
1992; Goodman, Rose 1990; Ensor, Irish 1995; Sarnat, Schour
1941; Corruccini
et al.
1985; Littleton 2005; Obertová 2005;
Jarošová 2007; Jarošová
et al.
2012,
etc.
). Lines and pits are
classifed in this paper as acute DEH (A DEH). Timing of
linear hypoplasia on anterior teeth with regard to tooth growth
was assessed after Reid, Dean (2000).
4. Results
4.1 State of preservation of teeth and jaws
The state of preservation of alveoli and teeth in individuals
from the Prague-Zličín population was characterised by the
comparative alveolar index CAI and comparative dental
index CDI. In the studied series less than half the teeth
(41.9%) and alveoli (45.61%) were available for analysis;
unfortunately this only allows us to make approximations
in the results presented below and reduces the confdence
in data reliability (see Table 9). Despite this extremely low
number, other studied samples have also shown similar
results (
e.g.
Early Medieval sample from Dolní Věstonice
– Na Pískách had CDI 40.1% and CAI 59.7%), but some
of the comparative samples showed even higher values –
Neolithic samples from Moravia had CDI 60.4% and CAI
70.5% (Jarošová 2007; Jarošová, Dočkalová 2008; Jarošová
et al.
2012).
4.2 Carious teeth
The occurrence of caries was analysed in 18 subadult and
79 adult individuals, with a total of 1,240 teeth, from the
Prague-Zličín series in Central Bohemia. The evaluation
of cariosity could be thus performed on 97 individuals
(Table 1), representing 53.8% of the available 180 human
remains from 176 burials in 173 graves at the burial ground
of Prague-Zličín.
During this epidemiological study based on direct
inspection, all teeth of deciduous and permanent dentition
were examined, both maxillar and mandibular. The general
evaluation of the occurrence of caries in the dentition of
adults included the testing of two mutually-independent
criteria,
i.e.
sex and age (
i.e.
subadults versus adults), and
it was carried out based on the following analytic scheme:
caries intensity (I-CE), caries frequency (F-CE) and type of
dental caries.
Figure 1.
Caries intensity in adults (20+ yrs)
according to tooth types of the analysed
groups from: Neolithic settlements (LBK,
LgK); the Migration period (Prague-Zličín;
PRG ZL); and an Early Medieval sample from
Dolní Věstonice – Na Pískách (DV P). For
data sources, see Jarošová 2007 and Jarošová,
Dočkalová 2008. For the Prague Zličín
sample: I1=10.0; I2=10.6; C=14.6; P1=14.3;
P2=29.2; M1=44.3; M2=44.7; M3=37.7.
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4.2.1 Caries intensity (I-CE) and Caries frequency (F-CE)
In the studied Prague-Zličín sample examined, 131 of a total
of 1153 preserved alveoli (A) were detected as intravital
losses, and 89 of a total of 927 permanent teeth were carious
in individuals above 15 years old. The fnal I-CE is herewith
21.0. The highest caries rate (%C) was detected in females,
whereas the highest ratio of ante-mortem losses (%E) could
be detected in males. It can be stated that the I-CE of males
is 24.0 and of females 21.3 (Table 1). Despite the high caries
intensity in males and females, for the ambiguous individuals
in the Prague-Zličín sample it was impossible to score ante-
mortem loss as no remains of their jaws were present for
study. This is the main cause for such a low caries intensity
value (I-CE=10.5), rather than an indication of the good state
of their dentition. The comparative Neolithic sample (20+
years) showed a very low caries intensity of 10.2 (%C=3.1;
%E=7.1), and the Early Medieval sample at Dolní Věstonice
– Na Pískách (20+ years) also showed lower values of 15.3
(%C=6.9; %E=8.4) (Jarošová, Dočkalová 2008; Jarošová
2007; Jarošová
et al.
2012) than the examined series from
Prague-Zličín. With regard to tooth types, the highest
I-CE values were found in all tooth types of individuals
from the Migration period (Figure 1). The results from the
comparative samples show that either the dental health
status of individuals from Prague–Zličín was quite poor or
the composition of their diet was rich in saccharides,
i.e.
the
sugars that are the main cause of increased dental caries.
In a complete evaluation of caries intensity with regard
to age categories within the investigated period, we should
undoubtedly prove an increase of values with increasing age.
Unfortunately, we are lacking sufcient data to proportionally
represent individuals by particular age category. The data
quoted are only fragmentary and one should regard the
resulting I-CE values in many cases to be unrepresentative,
as, for example, in the case of males between 20 and
35 years. The population of Prague-Zličín males and females
coincide with their zero I-CE values in the 15–20 year age
category, which means completely healthy dentition for the
individuals involved. The highest I-CE value of 33.0 was
found in males over 50 years old (%C=8.0; %E=25.0). The
second highest I-CE value was recorded in males between
35–50 years old (%C=9.3; %E=19.4), while the healthiest
teeth were detected in males 15–35 years old where the
sum of caries rate and the ratio of ante-mortem losses only
reached 0.0% (Table 2). This unexpected result was caused
more by the lack of available teeth for caries examination
in the sample of males 20–35 years old, rather than the
extremely healthy status of males in this age range and must
be treated with reserve. The female sample provided more
reliable data, although the sample of their age categories was
also very low (see Table 2).
The caries frequency,
i.e.
percentage of caries and
intravital losses depending on the number of individuals,
could be evaluated in 79 adults (15+ years). In the case of
some males from Prague-Zličín (burial 18 and 164), only
the alveoli stayed preserved, all of their teeth having been
lost ante-mortem. Among the individuals of Prague-Zličín
studied, more than half were afected by caries or ante-
mortem loss (F-CE=59.5); in both males and females, caries
or ante-mortem loss did not occur in only every fourth
individual examined (males: F-CE=72.7; females 73.3)
(Table 1). Despite of the high caries frequency in males and
females, ambiguous individuals in the Prague-Zličín sample
had no ante-mortem loss, which resulted in an unexpected
F-CE of 33.3. On the other hand, no remains of their jaws
were present for study of ante-mortem loss: this was the
main cause of such a low caries frequency, rather than the
good state of their dentition. In spite of this “gap”, we can
conclude that in the Migration period more than two thirds
of inhabitants were afected by a pathological change in teeth
and jaws. For comparison, in the population from Moravian
Neolithic settlements 38.8% of adult individuals (20+ years)
were afected by dental caries or ante-mortem loss (Jarošová,
Dočkalová 2008). The F-CE of the medieval population
from Dolní Věstonice – Na Pískách (20+ years) was 59.6
(Jarošová 2007; Jarošová
et al.
2012), which means that
the Migration period population showed a higher cariosity
than those in the previous periods; even when the youngest
category of 15-20-year-old individuals was also included in
the fnal calculation, still the caries occurred in individuals
about 1.5 times more often than in the Neolithic populations.
The caries incidence (%C) at the LBK, LgK, Neolithic
settlements, the Neolithic graveyard of Vedrovice (LBK) and
the Early Medieval sample from Dolní Věstonice (Jarošová,
Table 2.
Caries intensity (I-CE) in adults (15+ yrs) of analysed sample from Prague-Zličín according to age categories [C, number of carious teeth; %C,
caries incidence (percentage of decayed teeth from total number of preserved teeth); E, number of teeth lost pre-mortem; %E, the percentage of pre-mortem
losses; A, number of preserved dental alveoli].
Individuals (15+ yrs)
MalesFemales
15–1920–3535–5050+15–1920–3535–5050+
Number of examined teeth (n) 69912988446828681
C
0012715435
%C 0.00.09.38.02.37.415.06.2
E0036350133413
A
6991861404482365105
%E0.00.019.425.00.015.99.312.4
I-CE0.00.028.733.02.323.224.418.6
Number of examined individuals (N)
3
210725185
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Dočkalová 2008; Jarošová 2007; Jarošová
et al.
2012; Frayer
2004) showed lower values in all cases than the sample from
Prague-Zličín. The values of settlement populations from
the LBK and LgK periods approached rather the %C of
Mesolithic European populations (Frayer 2004), whereas the
graveyard of Vedrovice (LBK) has a similar caries incidence
as the Early Medieval sample from Dolní Věstonice. The
sample from the Migration period has twice a value of %C.
From among the comparative data of selected dated series we
display only the %nC,
i.e.
the number of afected individuals
represented in a sample. Using the “total” (M+F+?) category,
45.3% at Vedrovice (%nC: males=38.1; females 55.3)
possessed at least one caries. The ratio of adults with at least
one caries in the Mesolithic is 19.1% (Frayer 2004), but the
number of aficted individuals at the Vedrovice graveyard is
more than twice as high. These data cannot be compared to
the Czech Neolithic populations (LBK, LgK and Neolithic
settlements), because the total number of afected individuals
with at least one caries was counted in a diferent way (
i.e.
%nC+%nCE). These values are thus: LBK 28.6 (males
37.5; females 33.3), LgK 30.8 (males 50.0; females 30.8),
and for the entire Neolithic population from settlements
26.5. Compared to Frayer’s data, %nC+%nCE from Czech
Neolithic settlements show slightly higher values than in the
preceding period, but lower than those from the population
of Vedrovice. The sample from Prague-Zličín shows a value
of 55.71 for %nC+%nCE (males 57.9; females 75.0), which
is even twice higher than the Vedrovice graveyard. The
Early Medieval sample from Dolní Věstonice has a value
of 36.7 (males 37.9; females 36.2), which is similar to the
Vedrovice sample. To summarise, Prague-Zličín shows the
highest caries incidence for the tooth level and also the
Figure 2.
Scatterplot of caries incidence in
adults (20+ yrs): %C against %nC+%nCE
in Mesolithic; Neolithic (LBK, LgK, and
all individuals from Neolithic settlements);
burial ground Vedrovice dated to Neolithic
(LBK); Migration period (PRG ZL)
and Early Medieval sample from Dolní
Věstonice – Na Pískách (DV P) samples.
For data sources, see Frayer 2004; Jarošová
2007 and Jarošová, Dočkalová 2008;
for Prague-Zličín sample: %C=12.32;
%nC+%nCE=55.71.
Table 3.
Dental caries in subadults (0–14 yrs) of analysed sample from Prague-Zličín.
0–6 yrs7–14 yrsAll individuals
number of examined children (N) 11718
children with caries (nC) 000
% children with caries (%nC) 000
number of deciduous teeth 9912111
number of permanent teeth 11290202
number of all teeth (Z) 211102313
caries in deciduous teeth 000
caries in permanent teeth 000
number of all caries (C) 000
% caries in deciduous teeth (%C) 000
% caries in permanent teeth (%C) 000
% number of all teeth with caries (%C) 000
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highest %nC+%nCE level based on caries frequency in all
individuals (Figure 2).
In the series of 18 children up to 14 years old (age
categories 0–6 yrs and 7–14 yrs)), in which 111 deciduous
and 202 permanent teeth were examined, not even a single
case of caries on a tooth was found (Table 3). By comparison,
at the cemeteries of the Neolithic period, only in one child,
on the frst deciduous molar, was there found dental caries
(Jarošová, Dočkalová 2008), whereas the Early Medieval
sample at Dolní Věstonice showed 2.9% caries in deciduous
teeth and 0.3% in permanent teeth (%C) (Jarošová 2007;
Jarošová
et al.
2012).
4.2.2 Cariosity with regard to type and location of caries
In the Prague-Zličín population 92 examples of caries could
be detected altogether on 89 permanent teeth (3 teeth had
2 types of dental caries: individual no. 100 – smooth surface
mesial and distal caries on tooth 15; individual no. 117 – root
caries and smooth approximal caries on tooth 33; individual
no. 165 – mesial and distal cervical caries on tooth 16). In
37 (40.2%) cases it was coronal caries, in 45 (48.9%) cases
cervical, and in 30 (10.9%) cases it was root caries. In nine
cases (9.8%) out of a total 92 fndings, caries was located on
the occlusal surface of a crown. This can be interpreted as
the presence of moderate or low dental wear with a soft diet,
from which the presence of this type of caries often results.
In 26 (28.3%) cases, caries was detected on non-occlusal
medial or distal coronal surfaces and in 33 (35.9%) cases
on medial and distal cervical surfaces. In summary, 59 cases
of approximal types caries (64.1%) could thus be detected
(located at the contact area of the smooth surface and
approximal enamel-cementum junction) in total, which may
be connected with deteriorated oral hygiene in this series.
The minor part (14) (15.2%) was represented by cervical
caries on the buccal and vestibular surfaces, which is closely
related with atrophy of the alveoli due to advanced age in
the examined individuals – resulting in the loss of the dental
crown and persistence of the root (Table 4). This efect is
usually connected with alveolitis in the form of periapical
abscesses, which was not studied in this sample due to the
very small number of preserved alveoli and jaws.
4.3 Occlusal wear
Occlusal wear could be evaluated in 75 adult individuals
with a total number of 539 permanent teeth from the maxilla
and mandible, with a preference for the left over the right
side (
i.e.
missing data for dental wear from the left side
were replaced with data from the right side). Several adult
individuals were excluded from the analysis due to having
preserved alveoli, but missing teeth. Two diferent methods
were used while assessing dental wear: incisors, canines and
premolars (n=350) were evaluated separately from molars
(n=189).
The degree of dental wear in incisors, canines and
premolars was evaluated after Smith (1984), whereas the
degree of dental wear in molars was assessed after Scott
(1979). Following from the results cited in Table 5, the
highest degree of dental wear could be detected on the frst
upper molars in individuals over 50 years old, as expected
(see Figure 3b). In the incisors, canines and premolars the
results of dental wear did not provide distinctly higher values
according to age categories, due to the extent of the absence
of scored types of teeth (see Figure 3a).
Comparing basic statistics and calculated mean values,
the molars of Neolithic LBK individuals can be held up
as having the most worn teeth – these values range in the
20–35 year age category in the frst molars from 22.4 to 23.2,
and in LgK individuals range from 21.8 to 22.0 (Jarošová,
Dočkalová 2008), while individuals from Prague–Zličín
range between 19.0 and 20.0, and individuals from Dolní
Věstonice range between 16.7 and 17.2 (Jarošová 2007).
Values of worn frst molars scored in individuals who died
between 35–50 years old in the Prague–Zličín population
ranged from 25.1 to 26.4; individuals from Dolní Věstonice
from 23.1 to 25.0, individuals from LBK have values from
27.0 to 28.0 and individuals from LgK even have higher
values ranging between 27.3 and 30.5. First molars scored
in individuals over 50 years old in the Prague–Zličín
population ranged from 36.0 to 38.0, individuals from Dolní
Věstonice from 26.8 to 31.0, whereas individuals from LBK
ranged only between 31.5 and 33.0, which can be misleading
because of the low number of evaluated individuals dated to
the Neolithic period. In spite of the insufcient comparative
sample of individuals over 50 years old, this brief summary
provides evidence of a softer diet as a result of the lower
scores of dental wear in individuals of the same age in
the Migration period compared to the Neolithic period.
Individuals from Dolní Věstonice have lower dental wear
scores in all age categories than the Prague–Zličín sample,
which indicates an even softer diet in the Early Middle Ages
Table 4.
Dental caries type and localization in adults (15+ yrs). Note: three individuals have two diferent types of dental caries on a single tooth.
TypeLocalization I1I2CPm3Pm4M1M2M3all%
crownocclusal surface (O) 1001012499.8
smooth surface caries(M,D) 1
3
6
3
72222628.3
(B,V) 0000100122.2
cervix cervical caries(M,D) 01416966
33
35.9
(B,V) 011000
3
71213.0
root
root caries 001025201010.9
all
251251617152092
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compared to the Migration period (Figures 4 and 5).
In the Prague-Zličín population, the degree of dental wear
was examined in all investigated tooth types separately for
males and females. Even though males often showed a higher
wear than in females (see Table 5), a nonparametric Mann-
Whitney test did not confrm any statistically-signifcant
diference between the wear in males and females.
4.4 Dental enamel hypoplasia (DEH)
Performing a complete assessment of dental enamel
hypoplasia on at least one examined tooth (central or lateral
incisors and canines), the following was evaluated: 1. the
presence or absence of dental enamel hypoplasia (DEH);
2. acute (A DEH) and chronic (CH DEH) stressors; and 3.
the type of hypoplastic defect (Table 7). The prevalence of
Table 5.
Descriptive statistics of dental wear in Prague-Zličín population in adults (15+ yrs). N = number of individuals included; n = number of teeth
examined.
I1max
I2max
Cmax
P1max
P2max
M1max
M2max
M3max
I1man
I2man
Cman
P1man
P2man
M1man
M2man
M3man
Prague-Zličín
(N=75)
n (included
teeth)
282536303831353031
33
444144
3333
27
15–19 yrs (N=9)
n
646776865666665
3
Mean
2.832.002.332.432.2911.508.886.002.202.001.671.831.8313.679.205.33
Median
3.002.002.002.002.0010.008.005.002.002.002.002.002.0012.0010.006.00
Minimum
1.001.002.001.001.006.006.004.001.001.001.001.001.0010.008.004.00
Maximum4.003.003.004.004.0020.0014.0012.003.003.002.002.002.0020.0010.006.00
SD
1.170.82.52.981.114.723.183.100.840.630.520.410.414.321.101.15
Variance1.370.67.27.951.2422.3010.139.600.700.400.270.170.1718.671.201.33
20–35 yrs (N=16)
n3
46
3
5566
3333
5
242
Mean
3.673.003.503.673.6020.6015.009.333.333.333.003.003.2020.0014.5015.50
Median
4.003.003.503.003.0019.0016.008.003.003.003.003.003.0020.0014.0015.50
Minimum
3.002.002.002.002.0017.0010.006.003.003.002.002.002.0020.0010.0010.00
Maximum4.004.006.006.006.0029.0020.0018.004.004.004.004.004.0020.0020.0021.00
SD
0.580.821.522.081.824.834.344.320.580.581.001.000.840.004.437.78
Variance0.33
0.672.304.333.3023.3018.8018.670.330.331.001.000.700.0019.6760.50
35–50 yrs (N=36)
n
131118161816151215182523241617
16
Mean
5.315.184.945.314.9425.1320.5313.175.004.894.804.524.4626.4423.5320.06
Median
5.005.005.005.005.0024.0019.0012.005.005.005.004.004.0026.5020.0018.00
Minimum
4.004.003.003.003.0016.0014.008.003.003.002.002.002.0020.0014.0010.00
Maximum7.007.008.008.008.0038.0032.0026.007.007.007.007.006.0040.0038.0038.00
SD
1.031.081.211.401.356.284.984.861.071.131.081.120.935.577.127.78
Variance
1.061.161.471.961.8239.4524.8423.611.141.281.171.260.8731.0650.6460.60
50+ yrs (N=14)
n
66648466861099976
Mean
5.005.004.675.755.3835.2527.0020.835.885.675.005.005.3331.5624.5726.83
Median
5.005.005.006.005.5035.5028.5023.505.505.005.005.006.0032.0023.0027.50
Minimum
4.003.003.004.003.0032.0014.0010.003.004.004.004.004.0023.0020.0016.00
Maximum6.006.005.007.007.0038.0032.0025.008.008.007.008.006.0036.0034.0038.00
SD
0.631.100.821.261.192.506.755.711.731.86.941.320.873.755.358.75
Variance0.401.200.671.581.416.2545.6032.572.983.47.891.750.7514.0328.6276.57
15–19 yrs_? (N=4)
Mean
4.02.02.02.01.013.08.05.03.02.52.02.02.016.510.0
15–19 yrs_F (N=2)
Mean
3.0
2.52.52.515.010.08.02.02.02.02.02.010.08.06.0
15–19 yrs_M (N=3)
Mean
2.02.02.52.72.78.09.55.02.01.51.31.51.510.59.05.0
20–35 yrs_? (N=9)
Mean
4.04.3
3.018.514.07.34.04.04.04.03.7
16.0
20–35 yrs_F (N=5)
Mean
3.72.52.02.53.318.514.08.03.03.02.52.52.520.014.015.5
20–35 yrs_M (N=2)
Mean
3.04.06.05.029.020.018.0
35–50 yrs_? (N=9)
Mean
5.56.06.04.03.517.517.0
12.07.06.56.05.54.025.525.020.0
35–50 yrs_F (N=18)
Mean
5.45.24.75.65.225.919.512.34.64.54.84.44.626.324.018.8
35–50 yrs_M (N=9)
Mean
5.04.05.0
5.36.028.025.318.05.55.04.44.64.327.022.322.6
50+ yrs_? (N=4)
Mean
5.0
4.0
19.06.0
5.55.0
32.0
50+ yrs_F (N=5)
Mean
4.84.54.05.05.327.724.824.35.04.84.24.05.030.023.432.5
50+ yrs_M (N=5)
Mean
4.54.74.05.05.334.023.716.55.85.75.05.55.029.321.724.0
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Figure 3.
Mean values of dental wear of
(a) incisors, canines and premolars and (b)
molars in Prague-Zličín population. For data
source, see Table 5.
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Figure 4.
Mean values of dental wear
of incisors, canines and premolars in the
Neolithic LBK, LgK samples, and Early
Medieval population from Dolní Věstonice
– Na Pískách (DV P M = males; DV P
F = females) compared to Prague-Zličín
population (PRG ZL) at age (a) 20–35
years and (b) 35–50 years. For data source,
see Table 5; Jarošová 2007 and Jarošová,
Dočkalová 2008.
a)
b)
dental enamel hypoplasia was examined on 203 teeth (
i.e.
on
176 permanent and 27 deciduous incisors and canines), in 59
(60.8%) of available 97 individuals with anterior dentition
present.
The prevalence of hypoplasia in particular types of
deciduous and permanent teeth in the Prague-Zličín sample
are given in Table 6. With regard to individuals, dental enamel
hypoplasia occurred most often in males (38.5%), whereas
the lowest prevalence of DEH was shown in subadults
(20.0%). Females showed a slightly lower prevalence of
DEH than males (36.4%) in the Prague-Zličín population.
In summary, every third individual from the Prague-Zličín
population was afected by some form of environmental or
nutritional stressor during their childhood (32.2%).
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Figure 5.
Mean values of dental wear of
molars in the Neolithic LBK, LgK samples,
and Early Medieval population from Dolní
Věstonice – Na Pískách (DV P M = males;
DV P F = females) compared to Prague-
Zličín population (PRG ZL) at age (a) 20–35
years and (b) 35–50 years. For data source
see Table 5, Jarošová 2007 and Jarošová,
Dočkalová 2008.
a)
b)
4.4.1 Dental enamel hypoplasia with regard to teeth
Out of a total of 176 examined permanent teeth (in
59 individuals with complete or incomplete dentition) 40
(22.7%) showed at least one hypoplastic defect. Among
the defects detected, acute stressors (97.5%) predominated
over events of a chronic character (2.5%). Hypoplasia was
mostly detected on the upper central incisors (41.2%), and
to a lesser degree on the upper canines (25.8%) and lower
canines (24.3%). Lateral upper incisors showed a similar
prevalence of DEH as the lower central incisors (upper I2
16.0% and lower I1 13.0%). The lowest occurrence of DEH
was recorded on the lower I2 (7.7%) (see Table 7, Figure 6).
None of the total number of 27 examined deciduous teeth
showed displays of dental enamel hypoplasia, a fact which
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Table 6.
Prevalence of individuals displaying dental enamel hypoplasia (acute and chronic type).
DEH
presence
% DEH
presence
Individuals
analysed
Acute DEH:
lines/pits
Chronic
DEH
Both acute and
chronic DEH
DEH
absence
subadults (0–14 yrs)
3
20.0
15
3
0012
Males (15+ yrs) 5
38.5
13 410 8
Females (15+ yrs) 8
36.4
22 80014
Ambiguous (15+ yrs)
3
33.3
9
3
00 6
Number of examined individuals (N)19
32.2
59181040
Table 7.
Prevalence of deciduous and permanent teeth displaying dental enamel hypoplasia (acute and chronic type).
Deciduous teethPermanent teeth
DEH presenceDEH absenceDEH presenceTeeth analysedAcute DEH:
lines/pits
Chronic DEHDEH absence
subadults (0–14 yrs)
maxI1 0 4
3
10
3
0 7
maxI2 0 421120 9
maxC 0 62 820 6
manI1 0 41 610 5
manI2 0 40 500 5
manC
0 51 510 4
permanent teeth 9459036
deciduous teeth027
adults (15+ yrs)
maxI1 11 24110 13
maxI2 2 14 20 12
maxC 6 23 60 17
manI1 2 17 20 15
manI2 2 21 20 19
manC
8 32 71 24
permanent teeth 31131301100
Figure 6.
Prevalence of dental enamel
hypoplasia (DEH) by tooth type in Prague-
Zličín population. Data for permanent teeth
(%) are combined together for the subadult
and adult samples.
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Table 8.
Timing of permanent teeth displaying linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) Z = equally spaced zones displaying tooth growth, according to Reid, Dean 2000; L = lines; G = grooves.
IndividualGender,
age-at-death
I1 maxI2 maxC maxI1 manI2 manC manTiming zones & life expectancy
24F, 30–40 yrsG/1: Z5–6????L/2: Z7, Z8 3 zones of LEH at age 2.5, 4 and 4.5 years; occurrence of DEH
did not have any impact on life expectancy of this female
67?, 16–20 yrsL/2: Z4, Z7 no DEHL/1: Z6L/2: Z4, Z5L/2: Z4, Z5L/1: Z23 zones of LEH: twice at age after 1.5 and before 2 years and
again shortly after age of 3 years; on I2 max DEH not detected; ;
occurrence of DEH did not have any impact on life expectancy of
this young adult
77M, 40–50 yrsL/2: Z4, Z6?no DEHno DEHno DEHno DEH2 zones of LEH: before 2 years and again shortly after age of 2.5
years; DEH detected only on I1 max; occurrence of DEH did not
have any impact on life expectancy of this male
88?, 7 yrsL/1: Z9L/2: Z6, Z9L/1: Z8 ???2 zones of LEH: around 3 years and again shortly after age of 4
years; child stayed alive another 3 years after occurrence of LEH
101?, 3–4 yrsL/2: Z2, Z4 L/1: Z7 L/1: Z7? L/1: Z9 ??3 zones of LEH: around 1.5, before 2 years and again shortly
around age of 3.5 years; child died shortly after occurrence of
LEH
128F, 20–25 yrsno DEHno DEHL/1: Z6–7??L/2: Z6, Z7 2 zones of LEH: around 3.5, around 4 years; occurrence of DEH
did not have any impact on life expectancy of this female
129F, 15–17 yrsL/2: Z5, Z7 ?L/2: Z7, Z9 ??no DEH4 zones of LEH: around 2, around 3 years and again shortly
around age of 3.5 and 4.5 years; occurrence of DEH did not have
any impact on life expectancy of this female
131M, 50+ yrsL/1: ?G/1: Z4–5 L/1: Z5, G/1:
Z4
???2 zones of LEH: between 2.5 and 3 years; occurrence of DEH did
not have any impact on life expectancy of this male
144?, 12 yrsL/2: Z6, Z8 ????L/2: Z4, Z6 2 zones of LEH: around 2.5 years and shortly after 3 years; child
stayed alive another 7–8 years after occurrence of LEH
154M, 35–45 yrs?????L/2: Z7, Z7–82 zones of LEH: twice shortly after each other at 4 years;
occurrence of DEH did not have any impact on life expectancy
of this male
159?, 30–35 yrs??L/2: Z5–6, Z7 ???2 zones of LEH: shortly after 3 and 3.5 years; occurrence of DEH
did not have any impact on life expectancy of this adult
168F, 55+ yrsL/2: Z5, Z6?????2 zones of LEH: shortly after 2 and 2.5 years; occurrence of DEH
did not have any impact on life expectancy of this female
175F, 40–50 yrsL/2: Z4, Z5 L/1: ???L/1: ?L/2: Z4, Z84 zones of LEH: shortly before 2 and after 2 years; than after
2.5 and around 4.5 years; occurrence of DEH did not have any
impact on life expectancy of this female
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Timing LEH: I2 man
67
PRG-ZL
1
2
3
4
5
6
age
Timing LEH: C man
2467128144154175
PRG-ZL
1
2
3
4
5
6
age
Timing LEH: I1 max
24677788101129144168175
PRG-ZL
1
2
3
4
5
6
age
Timing LEH: I2 max
88101131
PRG-ZL
1
2
3
4
5
6
age
Timing LEH: C max
6788101128129131159
PRG-ZL
1
2
3
4
5
6
age
Timing LEH: I1 man
67101
PRG-ZL
1
2
3
4
5
6
age
Figure 7.
Timing of anterior permanent teeth displaying linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) according to tooth type and age of occurrence in the Prague-Zličín
population. Hatching indicates a zone where LEH cannot be observed either because mineralization of the tooth had not yet begun or it had already been
terminated. For teeth mineralization intervals, see Reid, Dean 2000; for data source, see Table 8.
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corresponds to the occurrence of DEH in deciduous teeth in
a series from Northeast Hungary (Ubelaker
et al.
2006) or
the Moravian Neolithic settlements (Jarošová, Dočkalová
2008). The occurrence of hypoplastic defects in the Early
Medieval population from Dolní Věstonice – Na Pískách
was also close to zero (Jarošová 2007; Jarošová
et al.
2012).
Regarding the prevalence of DEH in other periods, the
population from Prague-Zličín has high values (32.2%)
in contrast to the individuals of Neolithic settlements,
who showed a very low prevalence of hypoplastic defects
(14.5%; LnK=13.5%, LgK=18.8%) (Jarošová, Dočkalová
2008). In the Early Medieval individuals from Dolní
Věstonice – Na Pískách %DEH was 33.0 (Jarošová 2007;
Jarošová
et al.
2012), which corresponds with the results
obtained for the Prague-Zličín population. Considering the
occurrence of DEH on incisors and canines, hypoplasia
prevalence from Dolní Věstonice – Na Pískách was 34.8%,
which is four times higher than that found in the inhabitants
of Moravian Neolithic settlements (8.2%) (Jarošová,
Dočkalová 2008; Jarošová 2007). Comparing the three
samples studied, the lowest DEH occurrence was detected
in Neolithic individuals, followed by the results from Early
Medieval individuals from Dolní Věstonice – Na Pískách
and individuals from Prague–Zličín, who have been afected
by non-specifc stressors equally often.
4.4.2 Timing of linear enamel hypoplasia with regard to
tooth growth
The timing of linear hypoplasia on anterior teeth with regard to
their tooth growth was assessed in 44 teeth of 13 individuals.
Detailed case data of each individual displaying LEH on
their anterior teeth are described in Table 8 and depicted
in Figures 7 and 8. Complete dentition for studying LEH
occurrence was present only in individual 67; all other
individuals had incomplete anterior dentition including
upper and lower incisors and canines. In spite of this, we
can observe a full biological variability of LEH prevalence
within the studied sample of 13 individuals: individuals with
consistent LEH timing zones across all present anterior teeth
(
e.g.
individual 67, 131, 144); individuals with presence of
LEH only on one tooth with absence on other teeth (
e.g.
individual 77); or individuals displaying diferent time zones
on diferent anterior teeth, even their growth covering zones
of the same age (
e.g.
individual 24, 129, 175). A detailed
overview of LEH occurrence according to each studied
tooth type indicates that LEH was most often present on
Figure 8.
Age at which linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) displayed in anterior permanent teeth of 13 examined individuals from the Prague-Zličín population.
For data source, see Table 8.
I1max
I2 max
Cmax
I1man
I2man
Cman
ZL_24
ZL_67
ZL_77
ZL_88
ZL_101
ZL_128
ZL_129
ZL_131
ZL_144
ZL_154
ZL_159
ZL_168
ZL_175
individuals with LEH in Prague-Zlicin
1
2
3
4
5
6
age of displaying LEH in permanent teeth
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I1 max between 1.5 and 3.5 years, even the appearance
of the completion of zones of enamel formation varying
between 1.1 to 5.0 years. The occurrence of LEH on C max
and C man was frequently between 2.5 and 4.5 years (see
Figure 7), ranging from 1.7 to 5.3 years on C max and 1.5
to 6.2 years on C man. In some cases, the presence of lines
across diferent zones within the anterior teeth of a single
individual (see Figure 8) could be misinterpreted due to the
macroscopic assessment of each tooth; this has to be also
considered as a negative factor, even with a magnifying glass
being used and teeth with high dental wear being excluded
from the timing of LEH analysis.
In the studied Prague-Zličín series it was possible to
examine the timing of LEH in only 3 subadults. Among these
3 individuals, only child no. 101 had died shortly after the
last occurrence of LEH, which cannot be considered as the
main reason for death, but could be considered as one of the
stressors that did not improve the child’s state of health. From
the demographic point of view, in the other children and in
all adults the presence of LEH did not have any impact on
their life expectancy.
5. Discussion
Only rarely is there information available from an
archaeological and historical context for the reconstruction
of food sources of Migration populations. Since in their food
sources Migration populations were probably dependent
on agrarian products for the greater part, cereals can be
considered as the main source of carbohydrates/starch
(polysaccharides) in their diet. Other possible sources could
have been honey or fruit. Archaeobotanical analysis of the
macro-remains of useful plants from the infll of graves has
shown barley (
Hordeum vulgare
) as the dominant cereal
crop, with a remarkable proportion of millet (
Panicum
miliaceum
), at Prague-Zličín. Among other cereals, common
or compact wheat (
Triticum aestivum
/
compactum
) and oat
(
Avena
sp.) were found. The remains of rye (cf.
Secale
cereale
) and spelt wheat (
Triticum
cf.
spelta
) were found
inside cofns, while the remains of emmer wheat (cf.
Triticum dicoccum
) were found in samples from grave infll
and shafts. Seeds of lentil (
Lens culinaris
) and pea (
Pisum
sativum
,
Vicia
/
Pisum
) were also discovered (see Šálková
et
al.
2016 – this IANSA issue). This is in accordance with other
macro-remain research performed at other Czech settlement
features, which have confrmed
T. aestivum/turgidum
,
Hordeum
and
T. dicoccum
as the most important cereals in
the rare fnds pertaining to the Migration Period (Dreslerová,
Kočár 2013). As confrmed by osteoarchaeological analysis
at Prague-Zličín, the main source of meat was domestic
animals (cattle – 21.0%, pig – 16.5%, sheep/goat – 0.3%),
supplemented by the hunting of wild fauna (Nohálová
et al.
2016 – this IANSA issue; note: 56.4% of all animal bones
were identifed as rodents). Information on food sources
from the Migration period is quite rare in historical texts.
Jordanes in his description of the confict between the Goths
and Sueves, mentions that it was started by a raid on Dalmatia
for the purpose of cattle robbery. We can infer from this
report of Jordanes (Getica, 273) that cattle played a special
role in the economy (and thus probably the nutrition) of the
Barbarians. Unfortunately there are only rare osteological
data available from other archeological sites, providing only
an incomplete picture of the composition of meat sources in
the Czech Republic at that time. Regarding the analysis of
buccal dental microwear, it was shown that the ratio of meat
consumed by individuals at Prague-Zličín was higher than
their cereal intake (see Jarošová
et al.
2016 – this IANSA
issue). As fruit and honey are impossible to directly detect
as sources of carbohydrates/starch (polysaccharides) in the
diet of Prague-Zličín individuals, and we have only clues
for their consumption of cereal, we can only conclude that
cereal intake – together with other carbohydrates sources
– resulted in an increase of dental caries for the Prague-
Zličín population. The emergence of caries depended
on two cardinal factors: the pH of dental plaque and the
composition of carbohydrates contained in food consumed.
If the acidity of dental plaque exceeded the threshold value,
then a disturbance to the dental enamel would occur and the
emergence of caries would follow (Hillson 1979, 149–150).
In the Prague–Zličín population caries intensity (I-CE)
was detected in 21.0% of teeth; among the Prague-Zličín
individuals more than half were afected by caries or ante-
mortem loss (F-CE=59.5). In the populations from Moravian
Neolithic settlements, caries – and its impact in the form of
intravital losses – were detected in 10.3% of teeth and in
38.8% of individuals, a relatively low value compared to
the later Medieval population from Dolní Věstonice, which
showed a caries intensity of 15.3 and a caries frequency of
59.6, or the Prague-Zličín population, which presented the
highest values among all comparative samples.
The food consumed in the Neolithic period must have
been of a much denser consistency than today. Due to an
extremely increased enamel wear, dental caries occurred
less often on the occlusal surface than on the other dental
surfaces. This pattern is opposite to that of the Prague–Zličín
population – occlusal dental wear is low and the frequency
of occlusal dental caries relatively high, which suggests a
switch in food composition and processing between these
two series.
Among children not even a single case of caries on a tooth
could be detected in the Prague-Zličín population and only a
single case of caries in the Neolithic samples, from which we
cannot draw any solid conclusions.
The highest values of dental wear were recorded in
the LBK individuals. Individuals of this oldest Neolithic
period must therefore have subsisted on a highly abrasive
food containing some unspecifed abrasive matter, which
resulted in the excessive crown wear. In the later Migration
period a change in food composition or preparation must
have occurred, which was refected in their lower dental
wear pattern; the lowest dental wear was recorded in the
Early Medieval population in Dolní Věstonice, whose diet
composition has to have been the softest among all the
image/svg+xml
IANSA 2016 ● VII/1 ● 33–54
Ivana Jarošová: An Investigation of Dental Health in the Migration Period: A Case Study from Prague-Zličín, Czech Republic
49
Table 9.
List of 97 studied individuals from Prague-Zličín population (for abbreviations, see Table 1).
Skelet
Object
Sex
Age
Age_category
Age1_Buikistra
Ad / SubAd
Note
A
CAI=A/(n×32)
Z
E
CDI=(Z+E)/(n×32)
nC (adults)
nE (adults)
nCE (adults)
DEH
2
501
M
30–4030–40 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
13.1103.1
missing anterior teeth
7
507?6–77–14 yrs7–14 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Awithout DEH
8
518?14–1715–19 yrs15–19 yrs
Ad
3093.830093.8without DEH
9
520?
adultus I
20–30 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad3
9.4
3
09.4
missing anterior teeth
10
522
M
50+50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
1340.66431.31
missing anterior teeth
13
523?4,5–50.5–6 yrs0–6 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Awithout DEH
16
527F16–1915–19 yrs15–19 yrs
Ad
1443.814043.8without DEH
17
528F40–50 (45)40–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
412.54012.51teeth present, impossible to score DEH
18
528
M
45–4740–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Adonly alveoli
1134.401134.41
missing anterior teeth
19
530F45–5040–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
3093.821581.3111without DEH
24
535F30–4030–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
32100.022584.4111acute DEH present
25
529F45+40–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
721.94012.51teeth present, impossible to score DEH
26
537?3–40.5–6 yrs0–6 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Awithout DEH
33
543?juv-ad20–30 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
13.1103.1
missing anterior teeth
34
544F30–4030–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
3196.928190.61without DEH
35
545F45–5040–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
2268.818262.5111without DEH
40
550?24–3020–30 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
412.54012.5
missing anterior teeth
41
551?9–127–14 yrs7–14 yrsSubAdN/AN/AN/Awithout DEH
42
552?24–3020–30 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad3
9.4
3
09.4
missing anterior teeth
44a
555
M
16–2015–19 yrs15–19 yrs
Ad
515.65015.6without DEH
44b
555?50.5–6 yrs0–6 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Awithout DEH
47
563
M
30–3530–40 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
825.08025.0without DEH
48
564?15–1815–19 yrs15–19 yrs
Ad
26.3206.3
missing anterior teeth
54
572F35–4530–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
32100.023793.8111acute DEH present
56
574F35–4530–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
1237.59131.3111without DEH
57
575?17–2015–19 yrs15–19 yrs
Ad
515.65015.6without DEH
60
587F35–4030–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
1650.016050.0without DEH
61
586?35–4030–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
13.1103.1
missing anterior teeth
62
590
M
45–55 (55)
50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
1443.81621.91
missing anterior teeth
63
591
M
4540–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
32100.081468.8111without DEH
64
592?40–5040–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
1546.915046.91
missing anterior teeth
65
594
M
40–5040–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
1546.912243.8111without DEH
67
599?16–2015–19 yrs15–19 yrs
Ad
3093.830093.8acute DEH present
image/svg+xml
IANSA 2016 ● VII/1 ● 33–54
Ivana Jarošová: An Investigation of Dental Health in the Migration Period: A Case Study from Prague-Zličín, Czech Republic
50
Table 9.
List of 97 studied individuals from Prague-Zličín population (for abbreviations, see Table 1). (
Continuation
)
Skelet
Object
Sex
Age
Age_category
Age1_Buikistra
Ad / SubAd
Note
A
CAI=A/(n×32)
Z
E
CDI=(Z+E)/(n×32)
nC (adults)
nE (adults)
nCE (adults)
DEH
75
608?4–50.5–6 yrs0–6 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Awithout DEH
77
721
M
40–50 (50)40–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
3196.930196.9111acute DEH present
78
722F45–5550–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
32100.0311100.0111without DEH
79
612
M
45+40–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
412.52212.51
missing anterior teeth
87
724?30–3530–40 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
13.1103.1
missing anterior teeth
88
725?77–14 yrs7–14 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Aacute DEH present
92
773?30–3530–40 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
13.1103.1acute DEH present
95
778F5050–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
1753.19750.0111acute DEH present
100
784?40+40–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
26.3206.31
missing anterior teeth
101
785?3–40.5–6 yrs0–6 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Aacute DEH present
103
787?77–14 yrs7–14 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/A
missing anterior teeth
105
789?35–4030–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
13.1103.1
missing anterior teeth
108
796?107–14 yrs7–14 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Awithout DEH
109
797
M
40?40–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
2887.522068.81teeth present, impossible to score DEH
110
798F40–5040–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
1443.810443.8111without DEH
112
800
M
45–5550–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
1546.915046.91chronic DEH present
113
801
M
45–5040–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
1650.08540.6111teeth present, impossible to score DEH
114
802F20–2420–30 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
13.1103.1
missing anterior teeth
117
805?50+50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
13.1103.11
missing anterior teeth
118
806?40+40–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
13.1103.11without DEH
119
807
M
45–50 (50)40–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
1031.39028.11without DEH
121a
818F40–5040–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
2062.515046.91teeth present, impossible to score DEH
121b
818?50.5–6 yrs0–6 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Awithout DEH
126
1504?30–4030–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
13.1103.1
missing anterior teeth
127
1505F20–2420–30 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
26.3206.3without DEH
128
1506F20–2520–30 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
32100.0320100.01acute DEH present
129
1507F15–1715–19 yrs15–19 yrs
Ad
3093.830093.81acute DEH present
131
1509
M
50+50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
2887.526081.31
acute DEH present
132
1544
M
35–4530–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
2371.923071.9acute DEH present
133
1545F30–4030–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
1340.612037.5teeth present, impossible to score DEH
134
1546?20–3520–30 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
13.1103.1
missing anterior teeth
135
1547?50.5–6 yrs0–6 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Awithout DEH
136a
1548?20–3520–30 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad3
9.4
3
09.4
missing anterior teeth
image/svg+xml
IANSA 2016 ● VII/1 ● 33–54
Ivana Jarošová: An Investigation of Dental Health in the Migration Period: A Case Study from Prague-Zličín, Czech Republic
51
Table 9.
List of 97 studied individuals from Prague-Zličín population (for abbreviations, see Table 1). (
Continuation
)
Skelet
Object
Sex
Age
Age_category
Age1_Buikistra
Ad / SubAd
Note
A
CAI=A/(n×32)
Z
E
CDI=(Z+E)/(n×32)
nC (adults)
nE (adults)
nCE (adults)
DEH
136b
1548?4–60.5–6 yrs0–6 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/A
missing anterior teeth
137
1549?50+50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
13.1103.1
missing anterior teeth
138
1550?50+50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
412.54012.51without DEH
141
1553
M
15–1715–19 yrs15–19 yrs
Ad
32100.0320100.0without DEH
142
1555
M
50+50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
2990.629090.61without DEH
143
1556?50.5–6 yrs0–6 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Awithout DEH
144
1557?127–14 yrs7–14 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Aacute DEH present
145
1559
M
50+50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
1650.011550.0111teeth present, impossible to score DEH
150
1569F40–5040–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
1650.06740.6111without DEH
151
1570F40–5040–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
3196.930093.81without DEH
152
1571?24–3020–30 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
928.19028.11without DEH
153
1572
M
18–2015–19 yrs15–19 yrs
Ad
32100.0320100.0without DEH
154
1573
M
35–4530–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
1650.015150.0111acute DEH present
157
1576F13–147–14 yrs7–14 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Awithout DEH
159
1593?30–3530–40 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
13.1103.11acute DEH present
160
1594F50+50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
2268.813556.3111teeth present, impossible to score DEH
161
1595?35–4530–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
26.3206.3without DEH
162
1596F30–4030–40 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
1546.911343.81
missing anterior teeth
163
1597F50+50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
1443.88025.0acute DEH present
164
1598
M
55+50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Adonly alveoli
2578.102062.51
missing anterior teeth
165
1599F45–5540–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
721.97021.91teeth present, impossible to score DEH
167
1601?5–60.5–6 yrs0–6 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/Awithout DEH
168
1602F55+50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
2062.520062.5acute DEH present
169
1603?30–4030–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
1753.117053.11teeth present, impossible to score DEH
171
1609?45–5540–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
721.97021.9teeth present, impossible to score DEH
172a
1610F20–2420–30 yrs20–35 yrs
Ad
32100.0320100.01without DEH
173
1611?55+50–60 yrs50+ yrs
Ad
618.86018.81teeth present, impossible to score DEH
174
1612F40–5040–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
1753.117053.1without DEH
175
1613F40–5040–50 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
32100.030196.9111acute DEH present
176
1614F35–4030–40 yrs35–50 yrs
Ad
2990.614146.9111without DEH
178
1616?1–30.5–6 yrs0–6 yrsSubAdmixed dentitionN/AN/AN/A
missing anterior teeth
115345.6192713141.9
image/svg+xml
IANSA 2016 ● VII/1 ● 33–54
Ivana Jarošová: An Investigation of Dental Health in the Migration Period: A Case Study from Prague-Zličín, Czech Republic
52
comparative series. By contrast, the highest degree of dental
wear detected in the LBK period, especially on the frst upper
incisors, most probably is related to the use of their teeth as a
tool; this was observed through occlusal microwear analysis
which indicated the transversal passing of some type of
fexible material over the anterior teeth in a repetitive and
habitual way as in the processing of some kind of material
such as sinews for bow strings, or plant fbres for cordage or
basketry (see Larsen 1997, 259). In the period following the
LgK culture, this custom must have gradually declined until
it was abandoned completely (Jarošová, Dočkalová 2008).
In the Neolithic population from settlements, dental enamel
hypoplasia was recorded by 14.5% with some deviations
relating to particular time periods. The Neolithisation
process can be characterized by the relatively constant
impact of non-specifc stressors that resulted in displays of
dental enamel hypoplasia, along with the overall ftness of
Neolithic populations. In other words, nutritional conditions
and their state of health did not change signifcantly during
the Neolithic period, the population’s resistance/adaptation
to environmental impacts in connection with socio-economic
status showing a similar ftness and physical efciency,
which was also probably related to their reproductive
capacity (Jarošová, Dočkalová 2008). Comparing the data
from later periods, the DEH prevalence of the Prague–Zličín
population was approximately the same (32.2%) as in the
Early Medieval population from Dolní Věstonice (33.0%); it
can be assumed that both studied populations did not enjoy
very favourable living conditions, as proved by their abilities
to cope with the insults of non-specifc stressors. Such an
assumption should be verifed by the occurrence of other
non-specifc stress markers being observed on their skeletal
remains, such as the incidence of
Harris lines
or
cribra
orbitalia
.
6. Conclusion
This paper has been focused on some basic dental aspects
of the Prague-Zličín population buried in Central Bohemia,
its aim being to capture the changes that became inscribed
in the dentition of these people during the Migration
period (5
th
century AD). With the help of such data the
living conditions of this past population can be partially
reconstructed and then these results can be compared with
other population series from the Czech Republic. Evaluation
of dental condition was performed on 18 subadult (0–14
year-old), and 79 adult individuals (15+ year-old) with a
total of 1240 teeth from Prague-Zličín. These individuals
of the Migration period, in comparison to the other
Neolithic and Early Middle Age samples, are characterised
by their high dental cariosity (I-CE=21.0, of which 24.0
pertains to males and 21.3 to females; F-CE=59.6), which
would most likely indicate an increased consumption of
polysaccharides (starch), together with a deteriorating level
of dental hygiene. The most frequent type of dental caries
was found in the mesial and distal facets of the cemento-
enamel junction and smooth surfaces of the crown (64.1%),
which in this population series may be connected with their
deteriorated oral hygiene. The 9.8% of dental caries being
located on the occlusal surface of the crown, together with
their proven moderate or low dental wear, can be interpreted
as the presence of a softer diet during the Migration period
(5
th
century AD); dental wear analysis showed that their
results reached the lower values within the comparative
Neolithic, LBK and LgK populations. The sample dated to the
Early Middle Ages had the lowest dental wear scores, which
can be interpreted, within these comparative series, as their
consuming the softest diet in that period (9–11
th
century AD).
In the Moravian Neolithic population, dental enamel
hypoplasia (DEH) was recorded in 14.5% of individuals; in
the LBK period in 13.5%, and at the end of the Neolithic
(LgK) already in 18.8% of individuals. In the Migration
period, DEH was present at a higher frequency (32.2%),
approximately the same as the Early Middle Ages series
(33.0%). This increase in the prevalence of DEH in both
the Prague–Zličín and Early Medieval population may be
connected with the increased extent of non-specifc stressors
(
i.e.
indicators of metabolic and nutritional disruptions). By
contrast, the Neolithic people enjoyed very favourable living
conditions, as proved by the ability to cope with the later
insults of non-specifc stressors within these populations,
according to the recorded low prevalence of dental enamel
hypoplasia and overall very good state of dental health.
This could also be caused by there being a diferent food
composition during the Neolithic and later periods, and
its impact on those past populations making a measurable
diference.
In the Prague–Zličín Migration population, all of the
records of past stressors in childhood have short-term acute
forms in the types of lines or grooves. Only one single case
provided evidence of a chronic form of DEH. The timing
of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) studied in 13 individuals
provided an assessment of the occurrence and frequency of
the individual’s age when LEH formed.
Acknowledgement
This research was supported by the Czech Science
Foundation; grant number P405/13-18955S. The author
would like to thank the very helpful comments of two
anonymous peer-reviewers.
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